The absence of a full pedigree can hinder selective breeding efforts. In honeybees, definitive maternity and especially paternity of queens is difficult to determine, even under managed mating schemes (e.g. using artificial insemination) due to the negative effects of single-drone mating on colony fitness. Here we genotyped 388 living queens from two beekeeping operations using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS). We evaluate two methods to call single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), Tassel 5 and Stacks, for their ability to supply SNPs that can recover known relationships. While Stacks discovered more SNPs (29,433), SNPs called with Tassel 5 (16,757) were found to be more accurate for the derivation of relationships. This methodology presents a low-cost genotyping approach and can be used to support commercial honeybee breeding schemes.

中文翻译：

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新西兰商业养蜂业务中用于管理活蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）蜂王的混合无人机 DNA 的基因分型测序

缺乏完整的谱系会阻碍选择性育种工作。在蜜蜂中，由于单无人机交配对蜂群适应性的负面影响，即使在有管理的交配计划（例如使用人工授精）下，也难以确定确定的母性，尤其是蜂王的父系。在这里，我们使用基因分型测序 (GBS) 对来自两次养蜂业的 388 只活蜂王进行了基因分型。我们评估了两种调用单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 的方法，即 Tassel 5 和 Stacks，因为它们能够提供可以恢复已知关系的 SNP。虽然 Stacks 发现了更多 SNP (29,433)，但发现使用 Tassel 5 (16,757) 调用的 SNP 更准确地推导关系。该方法提供了一种低成本的基因分型方法，可用于支持商业蜜蜂育种计划。