Key message Runoff decreased significantly in each soil texture group, as plot length increased (2–40 m), whereas sediment yield showed an increasing trend. Runoff and sediment yield were higher in the clayey soil than in the loamy soil texture. Context An important issue for decreasing the negative impact of ground-based skidding operations on the physical environment is the appropriate drainage of the surface flow away from the skid trail to decrease runoff and subsequent soil loss. Water diversion structures can be used to disperse the water from the trail to the stand but information on adequate spacing is lacking, especially when considering machine-trafficked forest soils. Aims The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of plot length (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m) and two soil texture types (clayey and loamy) on runoff and sediment yield in skid trails in a mixed deciduous forest in order to determine the ideal spacing between adjacent water diversion structures. Methods Runoff and sediment yield were measured for 25 rainfall events occurring over a 6-month period. The Pearson correlation was applied to determine the relationship among runoff, sediment yield, selected soil properties, plot length, soil texture, and canopy cover. In each soil texture group, runoff and sediment were plotted with rainfall intensity and plot length by a Gaussian polynomial regression model. Results Results show that plot length and soil texture significantly affected the amount of runoff and sediment yield. Plot length was positively and significantly correlated with sediment yield and negatively correlated with runoff. The highest runoff was found on the plot length of 2 m under clay soil by 1.49 mm followed by plot length of 5 m with clay by 1.15 mm and plot length of 2 m with loamy soil by 1.03 mm. In both soil texture classes, the runoff decreased significantly, as plot length increased. Likewise, in each plot length tested, the values of runoff were higher in the clayey soil than in the loamy soil texture. Significantly higher values of sediment yield were found in the plot length of 40 m and 30 m under the clayey soil (8.63 g m −2 and 6.84 g m −2 ) followed by plot length of 40 m under loamy soil (6.15 g m −2 ). In each soil texture, sediment yield increased significantly, as plot length increased. Additionally, in each plot length, sediment yield was higher in the clayey soil than in the loamy soil texture. Conclusion The results of this study can be applied to mitigate the environmental impacts of ground-based skidding operations on skid trails and to determine the optimal distance of water diversion structure.

中文翻译：

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地块长度和土壤质地对落叶混交林机械搬运土壤径流和沉积物产量的影响

关键信息 随着地块长度的增加（2-40 m），每个土壤质地组的径流显着减少，而沉积物产量则呈增加趋势。黏性土壤的径流和沉积物产量高于壤土质地。背景 减少地面打滑作业对物理环境的负面影响的一个重要问题是将地表水流从打滑道上适当排水，以减少径流和随后的土壤流失。引水结构可用于将水从小径分散到林分，但缺乏足够间距的信息，特别是在考虑机器运输的森林土壤时。目的 本研究的目的是量化地块长度（2、5、10、20、30、和 40 m）和两种土壤质地类型（粘土和壤土）对混交落叶林滑道中径流和沉积物产量的影响，以确定相邻引水结构之间的理想间距。方法 测量了 6 个月内发生的 25 次降雨事件的径流和沉积物产量。应用 Pearson 相关性来确定径流、沉积物产量、选定的土壤特性、地块长度、土壤质地和冠层覆盖之间的关系。在每个土壤质地组中，通过高斯多项式回归模型绘制径流和沉积物与降雨强度和地块长度。结果 结果表明，小区长度和土壤质地显着影响径流和产沙量。小区长度与产沙量呈显着正相关，与径流呈负相关。最高径流出现在粘土下 2 m 地块长度为 1.49 mm 处，其次是粘土地块长度为 5 m 时为 1.15 mm，而土壤为 2 m 地块长度为 1.03 mm。在两种土壤质地类别中，随着地块长度的增加，径流显着减少。同样，在测试的每个小区长度中，粘土质土壤中的径流值高于壤质土壤质地。在粘质土壤（8.63 g m -2 和6.84 g m -2 ）下40 m 和30 m 的地块长度中发现显着更高的沉积物产量值，其次是在壤土下40 m 的地块长度（6.15 g m -2 ）。在每种土壤质地中，随着地块长度的增加，沉积物产量显着增加。此外，在每个地块长度中，黏性土壤的产沙量高于壤质土壤。结论本研究的结果可用于减轻地面滑行作业对滑行道的环境影响，并确定引水结构的最佳距离。