Abstract Aquatic animals use and produce sound for critical life functions, including reproduction. Anthropogenic noise is recognized as a global source of environmental pollution and adequate conservation and management strategies are urgently needed. It becomes therefore critical to identify the reproductive traits that render a species vulnerable to acoustic disturbances, and the types of anthropogenic noise that are most likely to impact reproduction. Here, we provide predictions about noise impact on fish reproduction following a two-step approach: first, we grouped documented effects of noise into three mechanistic categories: stress, masking and hearing-loss, and test which type of noise (continuous vs intermittent and regular vs irregular) was most likely to produce a significant response in each category with either a meta-analysis or a quantitative review, depending on data availability. Second, we reviewed existing literature to predict which reproductive traits would render fish most sensitive to stress, masking and hearing-loss. In step one, we concluded that continuous sounds with irregular amplitude and/or frequency-content (e.g. heavy ship traffic) were most likely to cause stress, and continuous sounds were also most likely to induce masking and hearing-loss. From step two we concluded that the vulnerability of a species to noise-induced stress will mainly depend on: (1) its potential to reallocate reproduction to more quiet times or locations, and (2) its vulnerability to masking and hearing-loss mainly on the function of sound communication in its reproductive behaviour. We discuss in which stages of reproduction fish are most likely to be vulnerable to anthropogenic noise based on these findings. Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

---

预测人为噪声对鱼类繁殖的影响

摘要 水生动物使用和产生声音来实现重要的生命功能，包括繁殖。人为噪声被认为是全球环境污染的来源，迫切需要采取适当的保护和管理战略。因此，确定使物种易受声学干扰影响的繁殖特征以及最有可能影响繁殖的人为噪声类型变得至关重要。在这里，我们通过两步方法预测噪声对鱼类繁殖的影响：首先，我们将记录的噪声影响分为三个机制类别：压力、掩蔽和听力损失，并根据数据可用性，通过荟萃分析或定量审查测试哪种类型的噪音（连续与间歇、规则与不规则）最有可能在每个类别中产生显着响应。其次，我们回顾了现有文献，以预测哪些繁殖特征会使鱼对压力、掩蔽和听力损失最敏感。在第一步中，我们得出结论，具有不规则幅度和/或频率内容的连续声音（例如，繁忙的船舶交通）最有可能引起压力，而连续声音也最有可能引起掩蔽和听力损失。从第二步我们得出结论，一个物种对噪音引起的压力的脆弱性将主要取决于：（1）它有可能将繁殖重新分配到更安静的时间或地点，(2) 它对掩蔽和听力损失的脆弱性主要取决于其生殖行为中的声音交流功能。根据这些发现，我们讨论了鱼类在繁殖的哪个阶段最容易受到人为噪声的影响。图形摘要