Epidemiological evidence and subsequent studies using mammalian models have established a strong correlation between suboptimal nutritional status during early life and predisposition to metabolic diseases later, such as permanent growth retardation and impairment of neural development and key metabolic pathways. This phenomenon, termed nutritional programming or metabolic programming, is beginning to be studied in fishes. Despite important differences in maternal nutrient delivery and developmental processes between mammals and fishes, early nutrition of fishes from both endogenous (maternally derived) and exogenous (larval feeding) sources, could induce similar programming effects on development and metabolism. Documented programming effects in fishes include: growth, survival, brain development, and nutrient metabolism. These programming effects could be mediated through altered metabolic pathways and/or epigenetic regulation of gene expression during a critical window when organisms exhibit high plasticity in development. As a result, nutritional programming could be employed as a strategy in aquaculture to promote sustainable feeding strategies. In addition, this critical window overlaps with high mortality during the early life stages. This means programming effects could potentially translate into measurable consequences for the dynamics of wild populations. Given the wide variety of metabolic consequences of programming and the diversity of fishes, many important questions remain unanswered. This report summarizes research from mammalian and fish models and identifies knowledge gaps and priority areas for research into nutritional programming in fishes.

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鱼类的营养规划：来自哺乳动物研究的见解

流行病学证据和随后使用哺乳动物模型的研究表明，生命早期的营养状况不佳与以后易患代谢疾病（例如永久性生长迟缓、神经发育和关键代谢途径受损）之间存在很强的相关性。这种现象被称为营养程序设计或代谢程序设计，开始在鱼类中进行研究。尽管哺乳动物和鱼类之间在母体营养输送和发育过程中存在重要差异，但来自内源性（母体衍生）和外源性（幼体喂养）来源的鱼类的早期营养可能对发育和代谢产生类似的程序影响。鱼类中记录的编程效应包括：生长、存活、大脑发育和营养代谢。当生物体在发育过程中表现出高度可塑性时，这些编程效应可以通过改变代谢途径和/或基因表达的表观遗传调控来介导。因此，营养规划可用作水产养殖的一项战略，以促进可持续饲养战略。此外，这个关键窗口与生命早期阶段的高死亡率重叠。这意味着编程效应可能转化为对野生种群动态的可衡量后果。考虑到程序设计的各种代谢后果和鱼类的多样性，许多重要问题仍未得到解答。本报告总结了哺乳动物和鱼类模型的研究，并确定了鱼类营养规划研究的知识差距和优先领域。