Diamide insecticides selectively acting on insect ryanodine receptors (RyR) were launched to the market more than 10 years ago, particularly targeted for the control of lepidopteran pest species in diverse agronomic and horticultural cropping systems. They are now globally registered in many countries and provide reliable control levels in most settings. However, their frequent application, due to alternative mode of action chemistries often not providing sufficient levels of control, has resulted in the selection of diamide resistance in some of the world’s most destructive lepidopteran species, including populations of diamondback moth, tomato leafminer, rice stem borer and more recently beet armyworm. High levels of diamide resistance, compromising diamide efficacy at recommended field rates, has been shown to be conferred by RyR target-site mutations affecting diamide binding. The present work reviews the global status of diamide insecticide resistance in lepidopteran pests, with special reference to RyR target-site alterations. Furthermore, we discuss principles enabling the prediction of the impact and spread of diamide resistance, based on population genetics and associated fitness costs as influenced by the known target-site mutations recently described. In this context, we reiterate calls by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee to implement effective diamide insecticide resistance management by following a three-step strategy of resistance identification, tracking and prediction according to the protocols discussed in this article.

中文翻译：

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抗双酰胺：鳞翅目害虫的十年教训

选择性作用于昆虫瑞丹碱受体（RyR）的二酰胺类杀虫剂已于10年前投放市场，特别针对在各种农艺和园艺作物系统中控制鳞翅目害虫种类的目标。它们现已在许多国家/地区进行了全球注册，并在大多数情况下提供了可靠的控制级别。然而，由于化学作用的替代方式通常不能提供足够的控制水平，因此它们的频繁应用已导致在一些世界上最具破坏性的鳞翅目物种中选择了对二酰胺的抗性，包括小菜蛾，番茄叶螨，水稻茎的种群。蛀虫和甜菜夜蛾。高水平的二酰胺抗性，在推荐的田间速率下损害了二酰胺的功效，已经显示出RyR靶位点突变影响了二酰胺的结合。本工作回顾了鳞翅目害虫对二酰胺类杀虫剂的耐药性的全球状况，并特别提到了RyR目标位点的变化。此外，我们讨论了基于人口遗传和相关适应性成本（受最近描述的已知靶位点突变影响）来预测二酰胺抗性影响和扩散的原理。在这种情况下，我们重申了杀虫剂抗性行动委员会的呼吁，即按照本文讨论的方案，通过遵循三个步骤的抗性鉴定，跟踪和预测策略来实施有效的二酰胺类杀虫剂抗性管理。本工作回顾了鳞翅目害虫对二酰胺类杀虫剂的耐药性的全球状况，并特别提到了RyR目标位点的变化。此外，我们讨论了基于人口遗传和相关适应性成本（受最近描述的已知靶位点突变影响）来预测二酰胺抗性影响和扩散的原理。在这种情况下，我们重申了抗药性行动委员会的呼吁，即按照本文讨论的方案，通过遵循三个步骤的抗性鉴定，跟踪和预测策略，实施有效的二酰胺类抗药性管理。本工作回顾了鳞翅目害虫对二酰胺类杀虫剂的耐药性的全球状况，并特别提到了RyR目标位点的变化。此外，我们讨论了基于人口遗传和相关适应性成本（受最近描述的已知靶位点突变影响）来预测二酰胺抗性影响和扩散的原理。在这种情况下，我们重申了抗药性行动委员会的呼吁，即按照本文讨论的方案，通过遵循三个步骤的抗性鉴定，跟踪和预测策略，实施有效的二酰胺类抗药性管理。我们讨论了基于人口遗传学和相关适应度成本（受最近描述的已知靶位点突变影响）来预测二酰胺抗性影响和扩散的原理。在这种情况下，我们重申了抗药性行动委员会的呼吁，即按照本文讨论的方案，通过遵循三个步骤的抗性鉴定，跟踪和预测策略，实施有效的二酰胺类抗药性管理。我们讨论了基于人口遗传学和相关适应度成本（受最近描述的已知靶位点突变影响）来预测二酰胺抗性影响和扩散的原理。在这种情况下，我们重申了抗药性行动委员会的呼吁，即按照本文讨论的方案，通过遵循三个步骤的抗性鉴定，跟踪和预测策略，实施有效的二酰胺类抗药性管理。