The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the major pest of cultivated olives (Olea europaea L.), and a serious threat in all of the Mediterranean Region. In the present investigation, we demonstrated with traction force experiments that B. oleae female adhesion is reduced by epicuticular waxes (EWs) fruit surface, and that the olive fruit fly shows a different ability to attach to the ripe olive surface of different cultivars of O. europaea (Arbequina, Carolea, Dolce Agogia, Frantoio, Kalamata, Leccino, Manzanilla, Picholine, Nostrale di Rigali, Pendolino and San Felice) in terms of friction force and adhesion, in relation with different mean values of olive surface wettability. Cryo-scanning morphological investigation revealed that the EW present on the olive surface of the different analyzed cultivars are represented by irregular platelets varying in the orientation, thus contributing to affect the surface microroughness and wettability in the different cultivars, and consequently the olive fruit fly attachment. Further investigations to elucidate the role of EW in olive varietal resistance to the olive fruit fly in relation to the olive developmental stage and environmental conditions could be relevant to develop control methods alternative to the use of harmful pesticides.

中文翻译：

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果皮蜡在防止不同油橄榄品种油实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）附着中的作用


橄榄果蝇Bactrocera oleae （双翅目：Tephritidae）是栽培橄榄（ Olea europaea L.）的主要害虫，对整个地中海地区构成严重威胁。在本研究中，我们通过牵引力实验证明，果蝇果实表面的表皮蜡（EWs）会降低油橄榄雌性的粘附力，并且橄榄果蝇在不同品种的油橄榄果蝇的成熟橄榄表面上表现出不同的附着能力。 europaea （Arbequina、Carolea、Dolce Agogia、Frantoio、Kalamata、Leccino、Manzanilla、Picholine、Nostrale di Rigali、Pendolino 和 San Felice）在摩擦力和粘附力方面与橄榄表面润湿性的不同平均值相关。冷冻扫描形态学研究表明，不同分析品种的橄榄表面存在的 EW 表现为方向不同的不规则血小板，从而影响不同品种的表面微观粗糙度和润湿性，从而影响橄榄果蝇的附着。进一步研究阐明 EW 在橄榄品种对橄榄果蝇的抗性中与橄榄发育阶段和环境条件有关的作用，可能有助于开发替代使用有害农药的控制方法。