Relish is a key NF-κB transcription factor of the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathway that combats infection by regulating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Understanding of the fundamental role of Tenebrio molitor Relish (TmRelish) in controlling of Listeria monocytogenes virulence through the regulation of both AMPs and autophagy-related (ATG) genes is unclear. Here, we show that TmRelish transcripts were highly abundant in the larval fat body and hemocytes compared to the gut upon L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, significant mortality was observed in TmRelish-silenced larvae after intracellular insult. To investigate the cause of this lethality, we measured the induction of AMPs and ATG genes in the TmRelish dsRNA-treated T. molitor larvae. The expression of TmTenecin-1, TmTenecin-4, TmColeptericin-1, TmAttacin-2, and TmCecropin-2 were suppressed in the fat body and hemocytes of dsTmRelish-injected larvae during L. monocytogenes infection. In addition, TmRelish knockdown led to a noticeable downregulation of TmATG1 (a serine-threonine protein kinase) in the fat body and hemocytes of young larvae 6 h post-infection (pi). The notable increase of autophagy genes in the early stage of infection (6 h pi), suggesting autophagy response is crucial for Listeria clearance. Taken together, these results suggest that TmRelish plays pivotal roles in not only regulation of AMP genes but also induction of autophagy genes in response to L. monocytogenes challenge in fat body and hemocytes of T. molitor larvae. Furthermore, negative regulation of several AMPs by TmRelish in the fat body, hemocytes, and gut leaves open the possibility of a crosstalk between Toll and Imd pathway.

中文翻译：

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黄粉虫诱饵在调节抗菌肽和自噬相关基因对单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的调控中的两个作用

津津乐道是免疫缺陷（Imd）途径的关键NF-κB转录因子，可通过调节抗菌肽（AMP）来抵抗感染。通过调节AMP和自噬相关基因（ATG）来了解黄粉虫（Tm Relish）在控制单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力中的基本作用尚不清楚。在这里，我们显示，与单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌感染后的肠道相比，幼虫脂肪体和血细胞中的TmRelish转录本非常丰富。此外，在TmRelish中观察到明显的死亡率细胞内侵害后沉默的幼虫。为了调查这种致死性的原因，我们测量了TmRelish dsRNA处理的T. molitor幼虫中AMPs和ATG基因的诱导。在单核细胞增生李斯特菌感染的ds TmRelish注射的幼虫的脂肪和血细胞中，TmTenecin - 1，TmTenecin - 4，TmColeptericin - 1，TmAttacin - 2和TmCecropin - 2的表达被抑制。此外，TmRelish敲低导致感染后6 h（pi）的幼虫幼虫的脂肪和血细胞中TmATG1（丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶）明显下调。感染早期（感染后6 h）自噬基因显着增加，表明自噬反应对于清除李斯特菌至关重要。综上所述，这些结果表明，TmRelish不仅在AMP基因的调控中起着关键作用，而且在对mol.T. molitor幼虫的脂肪体和血细胞的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌攻击中，自噬基因的诱导也起着关键作用。此外，TmRelish对几种AMP的负调控 在脂肪体内，血细胞和肠道叶打开了Toll和Imd通路之间串扰的可能性。