Objective

Parenting behaviors have been studied largely in isolation with regard to child development in cross-national contexts. We examine and compare the relative strength of association between physical discipline and deprivation with risk of children’s socioemotional and cognitive developmental delay in a cross-national sample.

Method

The sample was drawn from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Analyses used observations with data on parental physical discipline, parenting behaviors associated with deprivation, and child developmental outcomes. The present analysis included 29,792 children aged 36−59 months across 17 countries. Using the Early Child Development Index, risk for cognitive or socioemotional developmental delay was indicated if a child could not accomplish 2 or more items within that specific subdomain. Overall risk for delay was indicated if a child was at risk in either subdomain. Associations among discipline, deprivation, and delay were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Five of the 7 exposures were associated with risk of overall developmental delay. Physical discipline (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49 [95% CI = 1.39, 1.59]; p < .001) had the largest association with risk for socioemotional delay. Not having books (OR = 1.62 [95% CI = 1.42, 1.84]; p < .001) and not counting with the child (OR = 1.47 [95% CI = 1.32, 1.64]; p < .001) had the largest associations with risk of cognitive delay.

Conclusion

The exposures of physical discipline and deprivation measured here have distinct associations with risk of socioemotional and cognitive delay cross-nationally. Programmatic and clinical interventions should seek to act on adversities that are relevant to the targeted delay.

中文翻译：

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17个国家/地区的身体纪律，剥夺和发育迟缓的差异风险

目的

在跨国环境下，关于父母养育行为的研究主要是孤立地进行的。我们在跨国样本中研究并比较了体育纪律与剥夺之间的关联强度，以及儿童的社会情感和认知发展延迟的风险。

方法

该样本取自联合国儿童基金会多指标类集调查。分析使用的观察资料包括父母的身体训练，与剥夺有关的父母行为以及儿童发育结局的数据。目前的分析包括来自17个国家的29,792名36-59个月大的儿童。使用儿童早期发育指数，如果儿童在该特定子域中不能完成2个或多个项目，则表明存在认知或社会情感发育迟缓的风险。如果孩子在任一子域中处于危险中，则表明存在延迟的总体风险。使用多变量logistic回归评估纪律，剥夺和延迟之间的关联。

结果

7次接触中有5次与总体发育延迟的风险有关。身体训练（优势比[OR] = 1.49 [95％CI =  1.39，1.59 ]；p <.001）与社交情绪延迟风险最大相关。不具有书籍（OR = 1.62 [95％CI = 1.42，1.84; p  <0.001），而不是与所述子计数（OR = 1.47 [95％CI = 1.32 ， 1.64]; p  <0.001）具有最大的与认知迟缓风险相关。

结论

此处测量的身体训练和剥夺暴露与​​跨国社会情感和认知延迟的风险有着明显的关联。计划性和临床干预措施应设法应对与目标延误有关的逆境。