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Conservation Agriculture in rice-mustard cropping system for five years: Impacts on crop productivity, profitability, water-use efficiency, and soil properties
Field Crops Research ( IF 5.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107781
T.K. Das , C.P. Nath , Shrila Das , Sunanda Biswas , Ranjan Bhattacharyya , Susama Sudhishri , Rishi Raj , Billu Singh , Suresh Kumar Kakralia , Neelmani Rathi , A.R. Sharma , B.S. Dwivedi , A.K. Biswas , S.K. Chaudhari

Abstract Developing suitable crop rotations and crop establishment practices is an important mechanism that can enhance factor productivity and sustainability of an agro-ecosystem. However, the impact of Conservation Agriculture (CA) on alternate crop rotation of the most-dominant but tillage- and input-intensive rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol) rotation of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India is not elaborately studied. Hence, we evaluated the effect of CA on crop and water productivity, profitability, and soil carbon status in rice-mustard (Brassica juncea L.) rotation in the North-western IGP of India for five consecutive years. Eight treatments comprising of tillage, crop residue, brown manuring (BM) using Sesbania bispinosa, and summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (SMB) were adopted in rice - mustard cropping system. The conventional transplanted puddled rice (TPR) - conventional till mustard (CTM) (∼TPR-CTM) rotation resulted in significantly higher rice grain yield than zero till direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR) – ZT mustard (ZTM) system with or without crop residue in all five years. However, in this regard, the CA-based ZT rice – mustard - SMB with residue [ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R)] was comparable with it during first three years, but was inferior to it in 4th and 5th years. The ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) had overall 10.9 % lower five-year mean rice yield than that in the TPR-CTM system. This CA-based system gave significantly higher mustard grain yield in all the years (except first year), and the five-year mean mustard yield was 30.3 % higher than in the TPR-CTM. Another CA-based double cropping system having ZTDSR + BM – ZTM (+R) was comparable with TPR-CTM in all the years and resulted in 27.6 % higher five-year mean mustard yield than the TPR–CTM practice. The ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) practice gave 44 % (including SMB) and 8.1 % (excluding SMB) higher system productivity and significantly higher sustainable yield index of the rice-mustard system compared with the TPR-CTM practice. The ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) practice encountered significantly lower weed density in mustard in all five years than TPR-CTM system. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that this CA practice fetched higher net returns by INR 53,000 and 21,400 ha−1 from the rice-mustard system with and without SMB, respectively over the TPR-CTM system. Again, this ZTDSR -ZTM- ZTSMB (+R) system led to an increase in irrigation water productivity by 27.8 % in rice and 35.1 % in mustard, and the total water (irrigation + rainfall) productivity by 35.7 % in mustard crop compared with the TPR-CTM system (P ≤ 0.05). This CA-based rice-mustard system resulted in significantly higher very labile (∼50.6 %) and labile (∼47.7 %) carbon concentration at 0–5 cm depth of soil compared to the conventional TPR-CTM system. The CA system being productive, profitable, and resource-efficient can be recommended for North-western IGP of India and in similar agro-ecologies of the tropics and sub-tropics. It can be adopted with suitable site-specific refinement in South-Asian countries, where decline in crop productivity and soil health is a consistent pervasive problem due to continuous cereal-cereal rotation.

中文翻译:

五年芥菜种植系统中的保护性农业:对作物生产力、盈利能力、用水效率和土壤特性的影响

摘要 发展合适的轮作和作物种植实践是提高农业生态系统要素生产力和可持续性的重要机制。然而,保护性农业 (CA) 对占主导地位但耕作和投入密集型水稻 (Oryza sativa L.)-小麦 (Triticum aestivum (L.) 的交替轮作的影响修正了 Fiori & Paol)印度的印度恒河平原 (IGP) 没有详细研究。因此,我们连续五年评估了 CA 对印度西北部 IGP 水稻-芥菜 (Brassica juncea L.) 轮作中作物和水生产力、盈利能力和土壤碳状况的影响。八种处理包括耕作、作物残茬、棕肥 (BM) 使用田菁和夏绿豆 [Vigna radiata (L. ) Wilczek] (SMB) 在水稻-芥菜种植系统中被采用。常规移栽水稻 (TPR) - 常规耕作芥菜 (CTM) (∼TPR-CTM) 轮作导致水稻籽粒产量显着高于零耕直播水稻 (ZTDSR) – ZT 芥菜 (ZTM) 系统有或没有作物在所有五年中的残留物。然而,在这方面,基于CA的ZT水稻-芥末-SMB残渣[ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB(+R)]在前三年与它相当,但在第4和第5年不如它。ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) 的五年平均水稻产量比 TPR-CTM 系统低 10.9%。这种基于 CA 的系统在所有年份(第一年除外)都显着提高了芥菜籽产量,并且五年平均芥菜产量比 TPR-CTM 高 30.3%。具有 ZTDSR + BM – ZTM (+R) 的另一种基于 CA 的双熟系统在所有年份都可与 TPR-CTM 相媲美,并且其五年平均芥菜产量比 TPR-CTM 实践高 27.6%。与 TPR-CTM 实践相比,ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) 实践使水稻 - 芥菜系统的系统生产力提高了 44%(包括 SMB)和 8.1%(不包括 SMB),并且显着提高了可持续产量指数。与 TPR-CTM 系统相比,ZTDSR-ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) 实践在所有五年中遇到的芥菜杂草密度显着降低。成本效益分析表明,与 TPR-CTM 系统相比,这种 CA 做法分别从有和没有 SMB 的水稻芥菜系统中获得了更高的净回报 53,000 印度卢比和 21,400 ha-1。同样,这个 ZTDSR -ZTM-ZTSMB (+R) 系统使灌溉用水生产率提高了 27。水稻的 8% 和芥菜的 35.1%,与 TPR-CTM 系统相比,芥菜作物的总水分(灌溉 + 降雨)生产力提高 35.7%(P ≤ 0.05)。与传统的 TPR-CTM 系统相比,这种基于 CA 的水稻芥菜系统在 0-5 厘米深度的土壤中显着提高了非常不稳定(~50.6%)和不稳定(~47.7%)的碳浓度。可以为印度西北部的 IGP 以及热带和亚热带的类似农业生态推荐具有生产力、盈利能力和资源效率的 CA 系统。它可以在南亚国家通过适当的特定地点改进来采用,由于连续的谷物 - 谷物轮作,作物生产力和土壤健康下降是一个普遍存在的问题。与 TPR-CTM 系统相比,芥菜作物为 7%(P ≤ 0.05)。与传统的 TPR-CTM 系统相比,这种基于 CA 的水稻芥菜系统在 0-5 厘米深度的土壤中显着提高了非常不稳定(~50.6%)和不稳定(~47.7%)的碳浓度。可以为印度西北部的 IGP 以及热带和亚热带的类似农业生态推荐具有生产力、盈利能力和资源效率的 CA 系统。它可以在南亚国家通过适当的特定地点改进来采用,由于连续的谷物 - 谷物轮作,作物生产力和土壤健康下降是一个普遍存在的问题。与 TPR-CTM 系统相比,芥菜作物为 7%(P ≤ 0.05)。与传统的 TPR-CTM 系统相比,这种基于 CA 的水稻芥菜系统在 0-5 厘米深度的土壤中显着提高了非常不稳定(~50.6%)和不稳定(~47.7%)的碳浓度。可以为印度西北部的 IGP 以及热带和亚热带的类似农业生态推荐具有生产力、盈利能力和资源效率的 CA 系统。它可以在南亚国家通过适当的特定地点改进来采用,由于连续的谷物 - 谷物轮作,作物生产力和土壤健康下降是一个普遍存在的问题。7 %) 与传统的 TPR-CTM 系统相比,土壤深度 0-5 厘米处的碳浓度。可以为印度西北部的 IGP 以及热带和亚热带的类似农业生态推荐具有生产力、盈利能力和资源效率的 CA 系统。它可以在南亚国家通过适当的特定地点改进来采用,由于连续的谷物 - 谷物轮作,作物生产力和土壤健康下降是一个普遍存在的问题。7 %) 与传统的 TPR-CTM 系统相比,土壤深度 0-5 厘米处的碳浓度。可以为印度西北部的 IGP 以及热带和亚热带的类似农业生态推荐具有生产力、盈利能力和资源效率的 CA 系统。它可以在南亚国家通过适当的特定地点改进来采用,由于连续的谷物 - 谷物轮作,作物生产力和土壤健康下降是一个普遍存在的问题。
更新日期:2020-05-01
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