Abstract The paper presents the role of watermills in the shaping and evolution of cultural landscape. The distribution of 1217 watermills along rivers in the lower Vistula catchment area since the 12th century has been reconstructed on the basis of cartographic materials and historical sources. Their number changed over time, with the progress of civilisation, as a result of wars, changes in land use, drainage, irrigation and climate change. The 800-year period of the functioning of watermills in Northern Poland has led to the generation of a special type of cultural landscape, termed ‘molinotope’. Out of the wide range of biotic and abiotic factors, the most significant role in the shaping of mill-based landscapes was played by artificial landforms and specific transformations of the hydrographic network. Taking into account the technological progress, size and nature of changes in the landscape due to the functioning of watermills, a conceptual model of development of mill-based cultural landscapes has been constructed. Results of this study indicate that the status of the mill-based landscape (in each of the 7 distinguished stages of development) corresponds to the types of river landscape, considered as a system of technology and landscape. The full cycle of development of mill-based landscapes concerns only some of the investigated locations and it is determined by the degree of development and use of the landscape since the construction of a watermill until the present day.

中文翻译：

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受水车影响的景观演变，基于波兰北部的例子

摘要 本文介绍了水车在文化景观的塑造和演变中的作用。根据制图资料和历史资料，重建了 12 世纪以来维斯杜拉河下游流域沿河分布的 1217 座水车。由于战争、土地利用、排水、灌溉和气候变化的变化，它们的数量随着文明的进步而随着时间的推移而发生变化。波兰北部 800 年的水车运行期导致了一种特殊类型的文化景观的产生，称为“molinotope”。在广泛的生物和非生物因素中，人造地形和水文网络的特定转变在塑造工厂景观方面发挥了最重要的作用。考虑到技术进步、水车运行引起的景观变化的规模和性质，构建了以水车为基础的文化景观发展的概念模型。这项研究的结果表明，工厂景观的状态（在 7 个不同的发展阶段中的每一个阶段）对应于河流景观的类型，被认为是一个技术和景观系统。以磨坊为基础的景观开发的完整周期仅涉及一些调查地点，它由自水磨坊建造至今的景观开发和使用程度决定。建立了以工厂为基础的文化景观发展的概念模型。这项研究的结果表明，工厂景观的状态（在 7 个不同的发展阶段中的每一个阶段）对应于河流景观的类型，被认为是一个技术和景观系统。以磨坊为基础的景观开发的完整周期仅涉及一些调查地点，它由自水磨坊建造至今的景观开发和使用程度决定。建立了以工厂为基础的文化景观发展的概念模型。这项研究的结果表明，工厂景观的状态（在 7 个不同的发展阶段中的每一个阶段）对应于河流景观的类型，被认为是一个技术和景观系统。以磨坊为基础的景观开发的完整周期仅涉及一些调查地点，它由自水磨坊建造至今的景观开发和使用程度决定。