Abstract Cosmic radiation hazard is cornerstone of space flights safety. Different properties of solar electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation with emphasis on its dangerous influence on astronauts and spacecraft equipment and systems are discussed. Solar and galactic cosmic rays (SCR and GCR) pose a serious obstacle in terms of safety and security of space flights, especially beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. Solar flares and GCR are of special concern. Solar flares are distinguished as extremely complex phenomena observing across the whole electromagnetic spectrum from radio wavelength to extreme ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray. Powerful fluxes of energetic particles in very wide energetic spectrum are generated which interact with the home planet and disturbing tremendously our space environment. Altogether, it is referred to as space weather. Geomagnetic storms induced by solar flares affect the ground facilities, social-economic infrastructure and global system operations involving electric power supply, aviation and ground transportation, oil-gas pipelines, geographic information system/data management (GIS), etc. As systems become more complex over time, the impacts of space weather on space flights and humanity in general are likely to increase. We analyze flares complexity and classification depending on their size, duration, morphology or magnetic topology and characteristic corpuscular radiation based on different classification systems as well protective measures to mitigate their consequences. Humans will encounter extremely serious problems of space flights safety at the beginning of new phase of the Moon exploration. Of the risks evaluation of habitation in the lunar hostile environment, specifically in the potential sites of Lunar Base deployment, monitoring of radiation doses absorbed by astronauts on the lunar surface is the first one. Underground shelters could be used to provide safe habitation and maintain the long-term humans' activity. Nowadays we face numerous problems involving many unknowns and dangers of the natural origin in the outer space, which runs in parallel with the needs of great technological advancements and breakthroughs. It is incremental in the course of growing complexity of space flights and progressive development of the human missions with an ultimate goal of undertaking manned flights to the Moon, Mars and beyond.

中文翻译：

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辐射和太空飞行安全：洞察

摘要 宇宙辐射危害是航天飞行安全的基石。讨论了太阳电磁辐射和粒子辐射的不同特性，重点讨论了其对宇航员和航天器设备和系统的危险影响。太阳和银河宇宙射线（SCR 和 GCR）对太空飞行的安全和保障构成严重障碍，尤其是在地球磁层之外。太阳耀斑和 GCR 是特别值得关注的。太阳耀斑是在从无线电波长到极紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线的整个电磁光谱中观察到的极其复杂的现象。在非常宽的高能谱中产生强大的高能粒子流，它们与母行星相互作用并极大地扰乱我们的太空环境。共，它被称为空间天气。由太阳耀斑引起的地磁风暴影响地面设施、社会经济基础设施和全球系统运行，涉及电力供应、航空和地面运输、油气管道、地理信息系统/数据管理 (GIS) 等。随着时间的推移，空间天气对空间飞行和整个人类的影响可能会变得更加复杂。我们根据耀斑的大小、持续时间、形态或磁拓扑以及基于不同分类系统的特征粒子辐射以及减轻其后果的保护措施来分析耀斑的复杂性和分类。人类在月球探索新阶段开始时，将面临极其严重的航天安全问题。在对月球敌对环境中居住的风险评估中，特别是在月球基地部署的潜在地点，监测宇航员在月球表面吸收的辐射剂量是第一个。地下避难所可用于提供安全居住和维持人类长期活动。如今，我们面临着许多问题，涉及外太空自然起源的许多未知和危险，这与伟大的技术进步和突破的需要并行。在太空飞行日益复杂和人类任务逐步发展的过程中，它是渐进式的，最终目标是进行载人飞行到月球、火星和更远的地方。第一个是监测宇航员在月球表面吸收的辐射剂量。地下避难所可用于提供安全居住和维持人类长期活动。如今，我们面临着许多问题，涉及外太空自然起源的许多未知和危险，这与伟大的技术进步和突破的需要并行。在太空飞行日益复杂和人类任务逐步发展的过程中，它是渐进式的，最终目标是进行载人飞行到月球、火星和更远的地方。第一个是监测宇航员在月球表面吸收的辐射剂量。地下避难所可用于提供安全居住和维持人类长期活动。如今，我们面临着许多问题，涉及外太空自然起源的许多未知和危险，这与伟大的技术进步和突破的需要并行。在太空飞行日益复杂和人类任务逐步发展的过程中，它是渐进式的，最终目标是进行载人飞行到月球、火星和更远的地方。如今，我们面临着许多问题，涉及外太空自然起源的许多未知和危险，这与伟大的技术进步和突破的需要并行。在太空飞行日益复杂和人类任务逐步发展的过程中，它是渐进式的，最终目标是进行载人飞行到月球、火星和更远的地方。如今，我们面临着许多问题，涉及外太空自然起源的许多未知和危险，这与伟大的技术进步和突破的需要并行。在太空飞行日益复杂和人类任务逐步发展的过程中，它是渐进式的，最终目标是进行载人飞行到月球、火星和更远的地方。