Abstract The release of metals from ceramic ware has raised public concerns, especially in the case of lead. The Directive 84/500/EEC monitors the compliance of ceramic food contact articles within the European Union. It sets the migration limits of lead and cadmium, and the corresponding testing conditions. The present research was aimed at investigating the migration kinetics of different metals under a range of testing conditions beyond those stated in the Directive and at evaluating the protectiveness of the Directive testing conditions. This research analyzed the release of metals from ceramic articles under a series of temperatures for a variety of contact times with 4% acetic acid and 5 g/L citric acid. It compared the release of metals under the Directive conditions and under cooking conditions. Overall, the amounts of metals increased steeply with time at the beginning of the migration test, after which the growth was less pronounced and arrived at a plateau. A square root dependence between the amount released and migration time was evidenced, providing an appropriate estimate of migration at low temperatures and short times. The amounts of metals released under the cooking conditions significantly exceeded those released under the Directive testing conditions, indicating that the current Directive testing conditions may not be adequately protective. Testing conditions can be specified on the basis of the use of ceramic ware, and a migration test under cooking conditions is probably required for ceramic cookware.

中文翻译：

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陶瓷食品接触材料中金属的迁移。2：各种条件下的迁移动力学及常规热加热和微波加热对迁移的影响

摘要 陶瓷器皿中金属的释放引起了公众的关注，特别是在铅的情况下。指令 84/500/EEC 监控陶瓷食品接触制品在欧盟范围内的合规性。它规定了铅和镉的迁移限值，以及相应的测试条件。目前的研究旨在调查不同金属在指令规定范围之外的一系列测试条件下的迁移动力学，并评估指令测试条件的保护性。该研究分析了陶瓷制品在一系列温度下与 4% 乙酸和 5 g/L 柠檬酸接触时间不同时金属的释放。它比较了指令条件下和烹饪条件下金属的释放。全面的，在迁移测试开始时，金属量随时间急剧增加，此后增长不那么明显并达到平稳状态。证明了释放量和迁移时间之间的平方根相关性，提供了对低温和短时间迁移的适当估计。在烹饪条件下释放的金属量显着超过指令测试条件下释放的金属量，表明当前的指令测试条件可能不足以提供足够的保护。测试条件可以根据陶瓷器皿的用途来指定，陶瓷炊具可能需要在烹饪条件下进行迁移测试。证明了释放量和迁移时间之间的平方根相关性，提供了对低温和短时间迁移的适当估计。在烹饪条件下释放的金属量显着超过指令测试条件下释放的金属量，表明当前的指令测试条件可能不足以提供足够的保护。测试条件可以根据陶瓷器皿的用途来指定，陶瓷炊具可能需要在烹饪条件下进行迁移测试。证明了释放量和迁移时间之间的平方根相关性，提供了对低温和短时间迁移的适当估计。在烹饪条件下释放的金属量显着超过指令测试条件下释放的金属量，表明当前的指令测试条件可能不足以提供足够的保护。测试条件可以根据陶瓷器皿的用途来指定，陶瓷炊具可能需要在烹饪条件下进行迁移测试。在烹饪条件下释放的金属量显着超过指令测试条件下释放的金属量，表明当前的指令测试条件可能不足以提供足够的保护。测试条件可以根据陶瓷器皿的用途来指定，陶瓷炊具可能需要在烹饪条件下进行迁移测试。在烹饪条件下释放的金属量显着超过指令测试条件下释放的金属量，表明当前的指令测试条件可能不足以提供足够的保护。测试条件可以根据陶瓷器皿的用途来指定，陶瓷炊具可能需要在烹饪条件下进行迁移测试。