Abstract Data from ice impact tests using a large double-pendulum apparatus have been analyzed and high spatial resolution pressure-pattern images, recorded at rates of 500 images per second, are presented. The freshwater ice samples were grown in the lab and were cone-shaped with a base diameter of 1 m and base angle of 30o. Energy of the impacts was controlled by varying the ‘drop angle’ of the pendulum arms. Patterns of high-pressure zones (HPZ's, consisting of relatively intact ice) that were surrounded by low-pressure zones (LPZ's, i.e. shattered spall debris), due to spallation of ice from the HPZ's, were evident. Most of the tests showed consistent results, where the instantaneous average interface pressure of the contact area was relatively consistent (5–8.5 MPa), and found to be constant or slightly increasing with contact area as tests progressed. Maximum pressures (i.e. associated with HPZ's) were in the 35–52 MPa range and generally increased with contact area as tests progressed. Peak loads during tests were in the 410–630 kN range. LPZ contact areas were generally 2–6 times the size of the HPZ contact areas. In most tests the time-averaged total load was shared roughly equally between HPZ and LPZ contact areas. The peak loads were found to be directly proportional to the maximum HPZ contact areas. The detailed characteristics of the total load time series records were generally reflected in the corresponding HPZ load time series records much more so than in the LPZ load time series records. Average pressures on the HPZ's and LPZ's were remarkably consistent, 21 MPa and 3.7 MPa respectively. For all tests the actual average pressure was roughly constant, or slightly increasing, while the nominal pressure followed a decreasing trend.

中文翻译：

---

来自大型双摆冰冲击试验的压力分布数据

摘要 已经分析了使用大型双摆装置进行冰撞击试验的数据，并提供了以每秒 500 个图像的速率记录的高空间分辨率压力模式图像。淡水冰样在实验室内生长，呈锥形，底径为1 m，底角为30o。通过改变摆臂的“下降角度”来控制冲击的能量。高压区（HPZ's，由相对完整的冰组成）被低压区（LPZ's，即破碎的剥落碎片）包围的模式是明显的，这是由于高压区的冰剥落造成的。大多数测试显示出一致的结果，其中接触区域的瞬时平均界面压力相对一致（5-8.5 MPa），并发现随着测试的进行，接触面积保持不变或略有增加。最大压力（即与 HPZ 相关）在 35-52 MPa 范围内，并且通常随着测试的进行而随着接触面积的增加而增加。测试期间的峰值载荷在 410-630 kN 范围内。LPZ 接触面积通常是 HPZ 接触面积的 2-6 倍。在大多数测试中，时间平均总负载在 HPZ 和 LPZ 接触区域之间大致平均分配。发现峰值载荷与最大 HPZ 接触面积成正比。总负载时间序列记录的详细特征一般在相应的 HPZ 负载时间序列记录中比在 LPZ 负载时间序列记录中反映的要多得多。HPZ 和 LPZ 上的平均压力非常一致，分别为 21 MPa 和 3。分别为 7 兆帕。对于所有测试，实际平均压力大致恒定或略有增加，而标称压力则呈下降趋势。