Abstract Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can play a key role in obtaining flexible power control and operation. Ensuring the profitability of the energy storage is the prerequisite to realize its reasonable applications in the power system. This paper establishes a bi-level optimal sizing of energy storage participating in demand management and energy arbitrage for industrial users. The BESS scheduling cycle and lifetime are considered in the optimization model. The proposed bi-level model is derived from a life-cycle economic analysis of energy storage based on the maximization of net profit over the entire life-cycle and profit over the scheduling cycle as upper- and lower-level objective functions, respectively. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucher (KKT) conditions are combined with a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach to solve the optimization model. Case studies based on realistic industrial load data are used to validate the usefulness of the proposed method, with the simulation results confirming that the method can effectively improve the benefits of the energy storage system. Finally, the effect of the load characteristics and electricity price policies on the model results is analyzed.

中文翻译：

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考虑需求管理和调度周期的用户侧储能优化选型

摘要 电池储能系统（BESSs）在获得灵活的功率控制和运行方面发挥着关键作用。保证储能的盈利能力是实现其在电力系统中合理应用的前提。本文为工业用户建立了参与需求管理和能源套利的储能的双层优化规模。优化模型中考虑了 BESS 调度周期和生命周期。所提出的双层模型来源于储能的生命周期经济分析，其基于整个生命周期的净利润最大化和调度周期的利润最大化分别作为上层和下层目标函数。Karush-Kuhn-Tucher (KKT) 条件与混合整数线性规划 (MILP) 方法相结合来求解优化模型。基于现实工业负荷数据的案例研究被用来验证所提出方法的有效性，仿真结果证实该方法可以有效提高储能系统的效益。最后，分析了负荷特性和电价政策对模型结果的影响。