Abstract For effective structure and personnel protection against projectile impact, accurate prediction of the depth of penetration (DOP) of projectile into concrete is essential. Many empirical and semi-empirical formulae have been developed to yield accurate predictions as compared with testing data. In most of these formulae, the concrete target was assumed as homogeneous and the mechanical properties of concrete material were characterized by the compressive strength of concrete. The deviation of DOP predications is identified for the concrete targets mixed with coarse aggregates because of the homogeneous assumption which leads to errors in DOP prediction. In this study, the effects of mortar strength, aggregate strength, maximum size and volume fraction of coarse aggregate on penetration resistance are quantitatively studied by using 3D meso-scale modeling. The applicable condition of the homogeneous assumption and the upper bounds of aggregate size and volume fraction that affect the penetration resistance are determined with respect to the aggregate configurations. The factors dominating the penetration resistance of concrete target are investigated and it is found that the sensitivity of penetration resistance to aggregate size is lower than other mesoscopic factors, i.e., mortar strength, aggregate strength and volume fraction. In addition, a formula incorporating the effect of multi-factors is proposed to predict the DOP of rigid projectile penetration into concrete target mixed with coarse aggregates. The proposed formula, which considers the effects of the mesoscopic factors on the penetration resistance, can give better predictions of DOP into concrete targets.

中文翻译：

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混有粗骨料的混凝土靶抗刚性弹丸冲击性能

摘要 为了有效保护结构和人员免受弹丸撞击，准确预测弹丸穿透混凝土的深度 (DOP) 至关重要。与测试数据相比，已经开发了许多经验和半经验公式来产生准确的预测。在大多数这些公式中，混凝土目标被假定为均质，混凝土材料的力学性能由混凝土的抗压强度表征。由于均质假设导致 DOP 预测出现错误，因此对于混有粗骨料的混凝土目标，确定了 DOP 预测的偏差。在本研究中，砂浆强度、骨料强度、通过使用 3D 中尺度建模定量研究了粗骨料的最大尺寸和体积分数对渗透阻力的影响。均质假设的适用条件以及影响穿透阻力的骨料尺寸和体积分数的上限是根据骨料配置确定的。研究了影响混凝土靶材穿透阻力的因素，发现穿透阻力对骨料尺寸的敏感性低于其他细观因素，即砂浆强度、骨料强度和体积分数。此外，提出了一个结合多因素影响的公式来预测刚性弹丸穿透混有粗骨料的混凝土目标的 DOP。建议的公式，