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Evaluation of an investigative model in dairy herds with high calf perinatal mortality rates in Switzerland
Theriogenology ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.039
Thomas Mock , John F. Mee , Martina Dettwiler , Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos , Jürg Hüsler , Brigitte Michel , Irene M. Häfliger , Cord Drögemüller , Michèle Bodmer , Gaby Hirsbrunner

The objective of this study was to evaluate an investigative model which encompassed the risk factors, incidence, timing and causes of perinatal mortality (PM) (0-48 h) on high risk dairy farms (PM of >5% in the previous year) in Switzerland. This pilot-study was carried out on 47 predominantly Holstein PM calves from 21 dairy farms, between September 2016 and January 2018. Gross pathological examinations of calves and placentae as well as histopathological examinations of internal organs and placental tissue were performed. Further investigations included microbiological examinations: broad-spectrum bacterial and fungal culture, detection of Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, pathogenic Leptospira spp. and Neospora caninum by real-time PCR (qPCR) and of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by Ag-ELISA. Maternal blood samples were used for serology of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), Brucella abortus, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii and nine pathogenic leptospiral serovars and the evaluation of trace element status. A questionnaire was completed with the farmer, which included general farm characteristics and case-related data. Inbreeding coefficients (IC) were calculated for pure-bred matings. At the farm-level, the PM rate was 10.0% (5.3-28.2%) and at the cow-level, 11.5%. These values, from high-risk farms, were approximately five-times higher than the contemporary national bovine PM rate (2.3%) in Switzerland. The risk factors associated with these high PM rates were the self-selection of high risk herds, the high proportion of primiparae in these herds (45%) and the evidence of widespread pathogenic infections on these farms (exposure: 67% of herds, 53% of dams; infection: 57% of herds, 45% of calves). The majority (68.1%) of calves died intrapartum. The most commonly diagnosed initiating/ultimate cause of death (UCOD) was infection (34%) of which Coxiella burnetii was the most frequently detected pathogen, by antigen. The most frequently diagnosed proximate cause of death (PCOD) was asphyxia (44.7%), though multiple PCOD was also common (21.3%). This study was the first detailed investigation of bovine PM in Switzerland. Infectious causes were diagnosed more frequently than expected. While the findings from these high PM Swiss herds may have limited external validity, the investigative model adopted and the detailed research methodologies employed can be replicated and re-evaluated, respectively, in future studies on PM internationally.

中文翻译:

在瑞士小牛围产期死亡率高的奶牛群中评估调查模型

本研究的目的是评估一个调查模型,该模型包括高风险奶牛场(前一年 PM > 5%)围产期死亡率 (PM)(0-48 小时)的风险因素、发生率、时间和原因在瑞士。该试点研究于 2016 年 9 月至 2018 年 1 月期间对来自 21 个奶牛场的 47 头主要为荷斯坦 PM 的小牛进行。 对小牛和胎盘进行了大体病理检查以及内脏和胎盘组织的组织病理学检查。进一步的调查包括微生物学检查:广谱细菌和真菌培养,检测流产衣原体、伯内氏杆菌、致病钩端螺旋体属。和犬新孢子虫通过实时 PCR (qPCR) 和牛病毒性腹泻病毒 (BVDV) 通过 Ag-ELISA。母体血液样本用于牛疱疹病毒 1 (BHV-1)、流产布鲁氏菌、流产衣原体、伯内氏 Coxiellaburnetii 和九种致病性钩端螺旋体血清型的血清学和微量元素状态的评估。与农民一起完成了一份问卷,其中包括一般农场特征和病例相关数据。计算纯种交配的近交系数 (IC)。在农场层面,PM 率为 10.0% (5.3-28.2%),在奶牛层面,PM 率为 11.5%。这些来自高风险农场的数值大约是瑞士当代全国牛 PM 率 (2.3%) 的五倍。与这些高 PM 率相关的风险因素是高风险畜群的自我选择、这些畜群中初产妇的高比例 (45%) 以及这些农场普遍存在病原体感染的证据(暴露:67% 的牛群,53% 的水坝;感染:57% 的牛群,45% 的小牛)。大多数 (68.1%) 的小牛在分娩时死亡。最常诊断出的起始/最终死因 (UCOD) 是感染 (34%),其中 Coxiellaburnetii 是最常通过抗原检测到的病原体。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。57% 的牛群,45% 的小牛)。大多数 (68.1%) 的小牛在分娩时死亡。最常诊断出的起始/最终死亡原因 (UCOD) 是感染 (34%),其中 Coxiella burnetii 是最常通过抗原检测到的病原体。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。57% 的牛群,45% 的小牛)。大多数 (68.1%) 的小牛在分娩时死亡。最常诊断出的起始/最终死亡原因 (UCOD) 是感染 (34%),其中 Coxiella burnetii 是最常通过抗原检测到的病原体。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。最常诊断出的起始/最终死亡原因 (UCOD) 是感染 (34%),其中 Coxiella burnetii 是最常通过抗原检测到的病原体。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。最常诊断出的起始/最终死亡原因 (UCOD) 是感染 (34%),其中 Coxiella burnetii 是最常通过抗原检测到的病原体。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。通过抗原。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。通过抗原。最常诊断的近因死亡 (PCOD) 是窒息 (44.7%),但多发 PCOD 也很常见 (21.3%)。这项研究是瑞士首次对牛 PM 进行详细调查。传染性病因的诊断频率高于预期。虽然来自这些高 PM 瑞士牛群的研究结果可能具有有限的外部有效性,但所采用的调查模型和采用的详细研究方法可以在未来的国际 PM 研究中分别复制和重新评估。
更新日期:2020-05-01
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