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Animal-related, non-invasive indicators for determining heat stress in dairy cows
Biosystems Engineering ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.017
Gundula Hoffmann , Piotr Herbut , Severino Pinto , Julia Heinicke , Björn Kuhla , Thomas Amon

Currently the temperature humidity index (THI) is a common method of evaluating the risk of heat stress in cows by employing climatic parameters. However, the THI is a general and indirect indicator that fails to consider individual cows. Various studies have used animal-related parameters to account for the heat load of individual cows. This review provides an overview of different heat stress indicators that have been used in the past 10 years with a focus on animal-related and non-invasive indicators. These indicators are reviewed with regard to their potential for quantifying individual heat loads in ongoing and future studies of dairy cows. The review is divided into sections covering physiological, behavioural and performance indicators. Parameters that appear to be suitable for assessing the individual stress loads of dairy cows include respiration rate and body temperature, whereas losses in milk yield are more a consequence of heat stress than an indicator. Using activity and feeding behaviour as an indicator of heat stress may depend on the cows' physiological state. However, no thresholds for animal-related indicators employed as signs of heat load can be found in the literature. In contrast, thresholds for THI levels are described above which changes in cows’ physiology and behaviour are detectable under heat stress. In conclusion, the development and use of non-invasive sensors should focus on physiological indicators, and further studies are needed to determine the thresholds for these indicators.

中文翻译:

用于确定奶牛热应激的与动物相关的非侵入性指标

目前,温湿度指数(THI)是一种利用气候参数来评估奶牛热应激风险的常用方法。然而,THI 是一个通用的、间接的指标,没有考虑到个别奶牛。各种研究使用与动物相关的参数来解释个别奶牛的热负荷。本综述概述了过去 10 年中使用的不同热应激指标,重点是与动物相关的非侵入性指标。在目前和未来的奶牛研究中,这些指标在量化个体热负荷的潜力方面进行了审查。审查分为几个部分,涵盖生理、行为和绩效指标。似乎适合评估奶牛个体压力负荷的参数包括呼吸速率和体温,而产奶量的损失更多是热应激的结果,而不是一个指标。使用活动和喂养行为作为热应激指标可能取决于奶牛的生理状态。然而,在文献中找不到用作热负荷标志的动物相关指标的阈值。相比之下,上面描述了 THI 水平的阈值,在热应激下可以检测到奶牛生理和行为的变化。综上所述,无创传感器的开发和使用应以生理指标为重点,需要进一步研究确定这些指标的阈值。而产奶量的损失更多是热应激的结果,而不是一个指标。使用活动和喂养行为作为热应激指标可能取决于奶牛的生理状态。然而,在文献中找不到用作热负荷标志的动物相关指标的阈值。相比之下,上面描述了 THI 水平的阈值,在热应激下可以检测到奶牛生理和行为的变化。综上所述,无创传感器的开发和使用应以生理指标为重点,需要进一步研究确定这些指标的阈值。而产奶量的损失更多是热应激的结果,而不是一个指标。使用活动和喂养行为作为热应激指标可能取决于奶牛的生理状态。然而,在文献中找不到用作热负荷标志的动物相关指标的阈值。相比之下,上面描述了 THI 水平的阈值,在热应激下可以检测到奶牛生理和行为的变化。综上所述,无创传感器的开发和使用应以生理指标为重点,需要进一步研究确定这些指标的阈值。在文献中找不到用作热负荷标志的动物相关指标的阈值。相比之下,上面描述了 THI 水平的阈值,在热应激下可以检测到奶牛生理和行为的变化。综上所述,无创传感器的开发和使用应以生理指标为重点,需要进一步研究确定这些指标的阈值。在文献中找不到用作热负荷标志的动物相关指标的阈值。相比之下,上面描述了 THI 水平的阈值,在热应激下可以检测到奶牛生理和行为的变化。综上所述,无创传感器的开发和使用应以生理指标为重点,需要进一步研究确定这些指标的阈值。
更新日期:2020-11-01
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