Abstract The transfer of scientific knowledge has received great attention by scientists and policymakers especially in fields that are crucially dependent on scientific knowledge like biodiversity conservation or climate change. Although many efforts have been made to better understand how scientific expertise can have an impact on politics, few studies have investigated the influence of limiting factors on scientific knowledge transfer. In this paper, we use a meta-analysis of 13 existing individual case studies from 5 different countries that all have in common that they apply the Research–Integration–Utilization model (the RIU model) to analyze limits of scientific knowledge transfer within research, integration, and utilization. Our results show that the factors of research, integration, and utilization are independent from each other in limiting or increasing the transfer of scientific knowledge. The independence of the RIU's factors also reveals that the increase of scientific knowledge alone will not lead to an improvement in knowledge transfer. There is empirical evidence in our cases providing that utilization could also be possible without a strong scientific basis, and successful integration could be based on weak scientific grounds. As a result of the independence of the different factors the RIU model consists of, the traps of scientific knowledge transfer could be observed in one or multiple RIU's factors and therefore improvements in scientific knowledge transfer should be orientated toward solely one or multiple factors instead of the whole process. We recommend that single improvements of different individual factors (research, integration, utilization) can help to improve the whole process of scientific knowledge transfer.

中文翻译：

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科学知识转移的多重陷阱：基于越南、德国、印度尼西亚、日本和瑞典的 RIU 模型的比较案例研究

摘要 科学知识的转移受到科学家和决策者的高度关注，特别是在生物多样性保护或气候变化等严重依赖科学知识的领域。尽管为更好地了解科学专业知识如何对政治产生影响做出了许多努力，但很少有研究调查限制因素对科学知识转移的影响。在本文中，我们对来自 5 个不同国家的 13 个现有个别案例研究进行了荟萃分析，这些案例研究都有一个共同点，即他们应用研究-整合-利用模型（RIU 模型）来分析研究中科学知识转移的局限性，整合与利用。我们的结果表明，研究、整合、和利用在限制或增加科学知识的转移方面是相互独立的。RIU 因素的独立性也表明，仅靠科学知识的增加不会导致知识转移的改善。在我们的案例中有经验证据表明，没有强大的科学基础也可以利用，而成功的整合可能基于薄弱的科学基础。由于 RIU 模型所包含的不同因素的独立性，科学知识转移的陷阱可以在一个或多个 RIU 的因素中观察到，因此科学知识转移的改进应该只针对一个或多个因素，而不是整个过程。