Abstract The interactive effects mechanisms of different warming levels and tillage managements on crop development, growth, physiological processes, and subsequently grain yield and quality are essential to accelerate understanding of climate change impact and adaptation for crop production system, however have not been well-understood. Here, a full growth season open-field infrared warming experiment was conducted for winter wheat in the North China Plain from 2018 to 2019. The experiment had three warming treatments (Control: no warming, T1: warming 1.4 °C & T2: warming 2.3 °C above ambient temperature) and two tillage treatments (CT: conventional tillage & NT: no-tillage). The results showed that experimental warming reduced the durations from sowing to anthesis by 7–15 days, however had little effect on the duration from anthesis to maturity. Warming significantly increased leaf area index (LAI), leaf Chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum rates of electron transport (Jmax), and maximum rates of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax) before anthesis, and consequently increased biomass, harvest index, and grain yield. However, it accelerated leaf senescence, increased the number of sterile spikelets, and inhibited photosynthetic capacity at grain-filling stage. As a result, wheat biomass, yield, and thousand kernel weights were increased by 6.5 % (4.8 %), 8.5 % (11.9 %), and 9.5 % (10.5 %), respectively, under T1 (T2) treatments with conventional tillage; in contrast, by 40 %, 39.3 %, and 4.9 %, respectively, under T1 treatment with no-tillage. Warming could significantly improve nitrogen (N), protein, and carbon (C) contents, while reduce the C/N ratio, the contents of crude fibers and total amino acids in grain. There was a non-linear relationship between warming levels and contents of microelements (Mn, Zn, Cu). Our findings gain new insights into the interactive effects mechanisms of different warming levels and tillage managements on crop growth, physiological and grain yield formation processes.

中文翻译：

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不同增温水平和耕作管理对华北平原冬小麦生长、生理过程、粮食产量和品质的交互作用

摘要 不同变暖水平和耕作管理对作物发育、生长、生理过程以及随后的粮食产量和品质的交互作用机制对于加速了解气候变化影响和对作物生产系统的适应至关重要，但尚未得到很好的理解。 . 在此，对2018-2019年华北平原冬小麦进行全生长季露地红外增温试验，试验共设3个增温处理（对照：不增温，T1：增温1.4℃，T2：增温2.3 °C 以上环境温度）和两次耕作处理（CT：常规耕作和 NT：免耕）。结果表明，实验升温使从播种到开花的时间缩短了 7-15 天，但对开花到成熟的持续时间影响不大。变暖显着增加了开花前的叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率 (Pn)、最大电子传递速率 (Jmax) 和最大的 Rubisco 羧化速率 (Vcmax)，从而增加了生物量和收获指数，和粮食产量。然而，它加速了叶片衰老，增加了不育小穗的数量，并抑制了灌浆期的光合能力。结果，在常规耕作的 T1 (T2) 处理下，小麦生物量、产量和千粒重分别增加了 6.5% (4.8%)、8.5% (11.9%) 和 9.5% (10.5%)；相比之下，在免耕的 T1 处理下，分别增加了 40%、39.3% 和 4.9%。变暖可以显着提高氮（N）、蛋白质、和碳（C）含量，同时降低碳​​氮比、粗纤维含量和总氨基酸含量。升温水平与微量元素（锰、锌、铜）含量之间存在非线性关系。我们的研究结果对不同变暖水平和耕作管理对作物生长、生理和粮食产量形成过程的交互作用机制有了新的认识。