Abstract Agricultural strategies in ancient Hawai'i were adaptive, occasionally unique, and increasingly being shown to have strongly related to the local environmental opportunities and constraints. However, little is known about the extent of arboriculture and forest modification due to the lack of physical infrastructure and remains associated with these forms of agriculture. We utilize historical ethnography and remote sensing to examine the form and function of agroforestry along the Hāmākua coast on Hawai'i Island. Mapping over 26,000 remnant trees of two species used in Hawaiian agroforestry systems, we identify two distinct applications of arboriculture: A permanent arboricultural system with substantial breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) and a shifting cultivation system based on candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd). The distributions of these systems on the landscape appear to be constrained by soil fertility and temperature, with the swidden agricultural system occurring on the more fertile portion of the landscape and the permanent arboricultural system occupying the less fertile lands. Experimentation demonstrating the nitrogen accumulation and fixation associated with candlenut compost suggests that the swidden system would be maximized if the rotation occurred in the range of 6–12 years

中文翻译：

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古代夏威夷的农林业形式和生态适应：夏威夷岛 Hāmākua 的 pākukui swidden 系统的范围

摘要 古代夏威夷的农业战略具有适应性，有时是独特的，并且越来越多地被证明与当地的环境机会和限制密切相关。然而，由于缺乏有形基础设施以及与这些形式的农业相关联，人们对树木栽培和森林改造的程度知之甚少。我们利用历史人种学和遥感来研究夏威夷岛 Hāmākua 海岸沿线的农林业的形式和功能。绘制了夏威夷农林业系统中使用的两个物种的 26,000 多棵树木，我们确定了树木栽培的两种不同应用：具有大量面包果（Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg）的永久性树木栽培系统和基于烛果（Aleurites moluccanus . ) 将)。这些系统在景观上的分布似乎受到土壤肥力和温度的限制，在景观中较肥沃的部分发生了转耕农业系统，而永久性树木栽培系统则占据了较不肥沃的土地。证明与烛木堆肥相关的氮积累和固定的实验表明，如果轮作发生在 6-12 年的范围内，则轮转系统将最大化