The transplanted puddled rice (TPR) followed by (∼fb) conventional till wheat (CTW) system (TPR-CTW) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India is the most remunerative cropping system, serving as the backbone of food security of India. Its sustainability, however, is threatened due to degradation/ scarcity of resources (soil, water, fuel/energy, labour), low inputs-use efficiencies, insurgence/resistance of new weeds/pests, and high pesticides use, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and global warming. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) can save resources, improve soil conditions, reduce GHGs emissions, and can reverse the declining trends. The performance of DSR, however, is largely influenced by weeds and nematodes. Therefore, this experiment was undertaken to evaluate the impacts of conservation agriculture (CA)-inclusive DSR, supplemented with herbicides/weed control measures on weeds, nematodes, and rice productivity and profitability. Results showed that the DSR fb ZTW had 82 % higher weed densities at 45 days after sowing (DAS) than TPR-CTW. The DSR fb ZTW, and DSR + brown manuring (BM) fb ZTW systems resulted in significantly higher parasitic nematodes, namely, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Williams, Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen than TPR-CTW. The CA-based triple cropping system with residue [∼DSR with mungbean residue (MR) fb ZTW with rice residue (RR) fb ZT mungbean (ZTMB) with wheat residue (WR)] led to considerable reduction of these nematodes. It gave similar rice yield with TPR-ZTW and TPR-CTW, and 40–43 % higher yield than DSR-ZTW. Pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ at pre-emergence fb bispyribac-Na 25 g ha^-1 at post-emergence and hand weeding (HW) at 35 DAS offered better weed control, higher rice yield (by 123–130 %), net returns (by 327–806 %) and net benefit:cost. The above CA-based triple cropping system with pendimethalin + bispyribac + HW would lead to an effective weed management in DSR without the risk of residual toxicities of pendimethalin and bispyribac-Na to crops grown in sequence. This can serve as an alternative to TPR in the Indian IGP, and in similar agro-ecologies. Controlling weeds using these herbicides may suppress nematodes and reduce the cost of nematodes control.

在印度的印度恒河平原（IGP），移植的成泥大米（TPR），其次是（〜fb）常规耕种小麦（CTW）系统（TPR-CTW），是收入最高的种植系统，是粮食安全的支柱印度。然而，由于资源（土壤，水，燃料/能源，劳动力）的退化/稀缺，投入品使用效率低，新杂草/虫害的抵抗/抵抗力以及农药的大量使用和温室气体，其可持续性受到威胁（温室气体排放和全球变暖。直播稻（DSR）可以节省资源，改善土壤条件，减少温室气体排放并可以扭转下降趋势。但是，DSR的性能在很大程度上受杂草和线虫的影响。因此，本实验旨在评估包括保护性农业（CA）在内的DSR的影响，补充除草剂/杂草控制措施，以消除杂草，线虫以及水稻的生产力和利润。结果表明，播种后第45天（DAS）的DSR fb ZTW杂草密度比TPR-CTW高82％。DSR fb ZTW和DSR +棕色肥料（BM）fb ZTW系统导致寄生线虫的数量明显增加，即Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Williams，Meloidogyne graminicola Golden和Birchfield，Pratylenchus thornei Sher和Allen比TPR-CTW好。基于CA的三联作物种植系统[带有绿豆渣（〜）的DSR和带有麦渣（WR）的大米渣（RR）fb ZT绿豆（ZTMB）的ZTW]导致这些线虫的大量减少。它与TPR-ZTW和TPR-CTW产生的水稻产量相似，比DSR-ZTW高40-43％。出苗前fb bispyribac-Na的二甲戊灵1.5 kg ha ^-1 25 g ha ^-1出芽后和35天DAS的人工除草（HW）时，杂草控制效果更好，水稻产量更高（123–130％），净收益（327–806％）和净收益：成本。以上基于戊三醇+双嘧菌+ HW的基于CA的三重种植系统将导致DSR中有效的杂草处理，而没有戊二醛和双嘧菌钠对顺序生长的农作物产生残留毒性的风险。在印度的IGP和类似的农业生态系统中，这可以替代TPR。使用这些除草剂控制杂草可以抑制线虫并降低线虫防治成本。