Large-scale land exploitation to jumpstart backward economies is often accompanied by massive environmental impacts. The broad concepts of productivity-oriented ‘bio-economy’ and conservation-oriented ‘eco-economy’ were proposed to transform exploitative land-based economies. Taking cases in Borneo as core examples, this paper explores 10 transformative strategies for sustainability: boosting upstream productivity of cash crops, activating under-utilised low carbon (ULC) land for production, upgrading and diversifying downstream activities, branding for more values (industrial), establishing new domestic demand for bio-resources, creating values for carbon and ecosystem services, enhancing agro-ecological resilience, establishing eco-based tertiary sectors, branding for more values (smallholders), and encouraging self-sufficient farming. Generally, utility-based development strategies with wealth creation as the centre of policymaking are inadequate to repair the previous environmental damage. Likewise, strategies that prioritise restoration have shown a limited contribution to economic growth as observed in the case of Borneo. The interconnected nature of economic productivity and conservation means that no single strategy is a perfect solution but a combination of them may produce a better outcome. While integrated landscape analysis that combines land-use models and economic analyses can facilitate understanding of the systems, in-depth area studies are necessary to capture the more subtle ‘human factors’ like socio-political dynamics. The existence of multiple stakeholders with different interests and values means that an ‘optimal’ combination would be a result of political negotiations rather than scientific investigations. To design and also effectively execute the strategies, communication, collaboration and co-production of knowledge between scientific communities and various stakeholders is imperative.

大规模土地开发以推动落后的经济发展往往伴随着巨大的环境影响。提出了以生产力为导向的“生物经济”和以保护为导向的“生态经济”的广泛概念，以改变土地开发型经济。本文以婆罗洲的案例为核心，探讨了10种可持续性转型策略：提高经济作物的上游生产力，激活未充分利用的低碳土地进行生产，提升下游活动并使之多样化，打造更多价值的品牌（工业） ，建立对生物资源的新国内需求，为碳和生态系统服务创造价值，增强农业生态适应力，建立以生态为基础的第三产业，为更多价值（小农户）打上烙印以及鼓励自给自足的农业。通常，以创造财富为决策中心的基于公用事业的发展战略不足以修复先前的环境破坏。同样，像婆罗洲一样，优先考虑恢复的战略对经济增长的贡献有限。经济生产力和节约的相互联系的性质意味着，没有一个单一的战略是完美的解决方案，但是将它们结合使用可能会产生更好的结果。虽然将土地利用模型和经济分析相结合的综合景观分析可以促进对系统的理解，但深入的区域研究对于捕获更微妙的“人为因素”（如社会政治动态）十分必要。具有不同利益和价值观的多个利益相关者的存在意味着，“最佳”组合将是政治谈判而不是科学调查的结果。必须设计并有效执行战略，科学界与各种利益相关者之间必须进行交流，协作和共同生产知识。