Vine cultivation on slopes causes serious erosion with significant losses of nutrients, organic matter and water, followed by an overall loss of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). Cover crops (CC) in inter-rows can reduce these effects, but are often renounced by winegrowers due to economic causes. Soil erosion rates obtained from field data and simulations with ORUSCAL (Orchard RUSle CALibration) lay the basis for comparing three different scenarios of soil management; conventional tillage (CT), temporary cover crops (TCC) and permanent cover crops (PCC). We use the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) to include on- and off-site costs of erosion and to demonstrate their economic implications. The scenarios are calculated for two different European wine regions, Montilla-Moriles (Spain) and Carnuntum (Austria).

Results

from ORUSCAL show that erosion is decreased in most cases with increasing use of vegetation cover. Overall, the consideration of erosion costs in the budget of farmers has only minor effects on their competitiveness and additional costs for CC are not covered by private erosion cost savings. However, if social erosion costs are added, CC are cost-effective in both regions. This is even without the valuation of non-marketed ecosystem services such as cultural and aesthetic aspects which most likely will increase social costs of erosion.

中文翻译：

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在考虑环境成本的情况下，欧洲葡萄园采用覆盖作物进行侵蚀控制的收益

斜坡上的葡萄种植会造成严重的侵蚀，造成养分，有机质和水的大量流失，进而导致土壤生物多样性和生态系统服务（ES）的整体丧失。行间的遮盖作物（CC）可以减少这些影响，但由于经济原因，通常被酿酒者放弃。从田间数据和ORUSCAL（果园RUSLE校准）模拟获得的土壤侵蚀率为比较三种不同土壤管理方案奠定了基础。常规耕作（CT），临时覆盖作物（TCC）和永久覆盖作物（PCC）。我们使用政策分析矩阵（PAM）来包括侵蚀的现场和非现场成本，并证明其经济意义。这些情景是针对两个不同的欧洲葡萄酒产区，西班牙的蒙蒂利亚-莫里莱斯和奥地利的卡诺图姆计算得出的。

结果

来自ORUSCAL的研究表明，在大多数情况下，随着植被覆盖的增加，侵蚀量减少。总体而言，农民预算中对侵蚀成本的考虑仅对其竞争力产生很小的影响，而CC的额外成本并未包括在私人侵蚀成本节省中。但是，如果加上社会侵蚀成本，CC在两个地区都具有成本效益。即使没有对非市场生态系统服务（例如文化和美学方面）进行估值，也很可能会增加侵蚀的社会成本。