Expansion of human activities into large carnivore habitats and of large carnivore ranges into anthropogenic settings increase the potential for human-wildlife conflicts. Future carnivore survival and recovery depend on both their ability to adapt to human-modified landscapes and the application of adequate conservation strategies. We review human-related factors that negatively affect brown bears inhabiting human-modified landscapes, aiming to improve human-bear coexistence. Brown bears have triggered much research and a review on this model species should be useful for the conservation-oriented management of many large carnivores. In human-modified landscapes, main threats to bear populations are human settlements, habituation and availability of anthropogenic food, density and traffic load of roads and railways, and recreational and industrial activities. Main effects of coexistence with humans for bears are: increased disturbance, human-bear conflicts and human-caused mortality; behavioural alterations; reduced fitness and genetic diversity; and physiological alterations. To promote bear-human coexistence in human-modified landscapes, we identified nine key elements: reduction of human-induced mortality and use of scientific information for better assessment of new infrastructures; improve education on waste management and bear deterrence methods; safeguard and restore habitat connectivity; mitigate road effects and restrict motorized trail use; adjust viewing activity practices to local conservation status of bear populations and food availability; implement mitigation measures to minimize risk of human-bear encounters; quantify empirically the effects of recreational activities on the energetics and fitness of bears; better dissemination of scientific results and management guidelines; and further research on behavioural reactions of bears to different management regimes and persecution histories.

人类活动扩展到大型食肉动物栖息地，大型食肉动物范围扩展到人为环境，增加了人类与野生动物冲突的可能性。食肉动物的未来生存和恢复取决于它们适应人类改造景观的能力以及适当的保护策略的应用。我们审查了与人有关的因素，这些因素对居住在人为改变的景观中的棕熊有负面影响，旨在改善人与熊的共存。棕熊引发了许多研究，对此模型物种的回顾对于许多大型食肉动物的保护导向管理应该是有用的。在人工改造的景观中，对熊口种群的主要威胁是人类住区，人类食物的习性和供应，公路和铁路的密度和交通负荷，以及娱乐和工业活动。与人类共存的熊的主要影响是：干扰增加，人与人之间的冲突和人为造成的死亡；行为改变；降低适应度和遗传多样性；和生理改变。为了促进人为改变的景观中熊与人的共存，我们确定了九个关键要素：减少人为造成的死亡率和利用科学信息更好地评估新的基础设施；加强废物管理教育和威慑方法；维护和恢复栖息地的连通性；减轻道路影响并限制机动步道的使用；调整观赏活动的做法，以适应当地的熊种群保护状况和食物供应；实施缓解措施，以尽量减少人为遭遇的风险；从经验上量化娱乐活动对熊的能量和适应性的影响；更好地传播科学成果和管理准则；并进一步研究熊对不同管理制度和迫害历史的行为反应。