Abstract Transportation electrification plays an important role in developing more sustainable systems. As a result, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasingly endorsed by governmental policies. It can be even more encouraged by promoting the provision of different ancillary services using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) enabled EVs, since EV owners may obtain additional profit by market participation. This paper presents an assessment of the economic benefits of using EVs to participate in the primary frequency regulation markets from the EV owner perspective. A heuristic method is proposed to optimize the power bid that maximizes the EV owners’ revenue along with a set of operational strategies that facilitates the service provision, which is evaluated using a simulation-based approach. A comparison analysis is performed to individually demonstrate the economic potential that four EVs with different battery capacities may offer to the owner when providing frequency-controlled normal operation reserves (FCR-N) in the Nord Pool market. The assessment of the power bid is performed considering the influence of the operation strategies and customer preferences. In addition, the effect of FCR-N on EV battery degradation and the grid impact caused by the service provision are considered in the economic evaluation. The results estimate annual benefits ranging between €100 and €1100 per vehicle, which demonstrates that EV owners can obtain substantial revenues by providing FCR-N.

中文翻译：

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电动汽车车主参与主要调频市场的经济效益评估

摘要 交通电气化在发展更可持续的系统方面发挥着重要作用。因此，电动汽车 (EV) 的采用越来越受到政府政策的认可。通过使用支持车辆到电网 (V2G) 的电动汽车来促进提供不同的辅助服务，可以更加鼓励这一点，因为电动汽车所有者可以通过市场参与获得额外的利润。本文从电动汽车所有者的角度对使用电动汽车参与主要频率调节市场的经济效益进行了评估。提出了一种启发式方法来优化电力投标，以最大限度地提高电动汽车车主的收入以及一组促进服务提供的运营策略，使用基于模拟的方法对其进行评估。进行了比较分析，以单独证明在 Nord Pool 市场上提供频率控制的正常运行储备 (FCR-N) 时，四种具有不同电池容量的电动汽车可能为车主提供的经济潜力。考虑运营策略和客户偏好的影响，对电力投标进行评估。此外，经济评价中还考虑了 FCR-N 对 EV 电池退化的影响以及服务提供对电网的影响。结果估计每辆车每年的收益在 100 到 1100 欧元之间，这表明电动车车主可以通过提供 FCR-N 获得可观的收入。