Throughout the tropics, hunting and fishing are critical livelihood activities for many Indigenous peoples. However, these practices may not be sustainable following recent socio-economic changes in Indigenous populations. To understand how human population growth and increased market integration affect hunting and fishing patterns, we conducted semi-structured interviews in five Kukama-Kukamilla communities living along the boundary of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, in the Peruvian Amazon. Extrapolated annual harvest rates of fish and game species by these communities amounted to 1,740 t and 4,275 individuals (67 t), respectively. At least 23 fish and 27 game species were harvested. We found a positive correlation between village size and annual community-level harvest rates of fish and a negative relationship between market exposure and mean per-capita harvest rates of fish. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) analyses indicated local depletion of fish populations around larger, more commercial communities. Catch-per-unit-effort of fish was lower in more commercial communities and fishers from the largest village travelled further into the Reserve, where CPUE was higher. We found no effect of village size or market exposure on harvest rates or CPUE of game species. However, larger, more commercial communities targeted larger, economically valuable species. This study provides evidence that human population growth and market-driven hunting and fishing pose a growing threat to wildlife and Indigenous livelihoods through increased harvest rates and selective harvesting of species vulnerable to exploitation.

中文翻译：

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秘鲁帕卡亚-萨米里亚国家保护区库卡马-库卡米拉人的可持续野生动物开采和社会经济变化的影响

在整个热带地区，狩猎和捕鱼是许多土著人民的重要生计活动。然而，随着土著人口最近的社会经济变化，这些做法可能不可持续。为了了解人口增长和市场一体化程度的提高如何影响狩猎和捕鱼模式，我们在秘鲁亚马逊地区 Pacaya-Samiria 国家保护区边界沿线的五个 Kukama-Kukamilla 社区进行了半结构化访谈。这些群落推断的鱼类和野味物种的年收获率分别为 1,740 吨和 4,275 人（67 吨）。至少收获了 23 条鱼和 27 种野味。我们发现村庄规模与年度社区级鱼类捕捞率之间存在正相关关系，而市场风险与人均鱼类捕捞率之间存在负相关关系。单位努力渔获量 (CPUE) 分析表明，在更大、更商业化的社区周围，当地鱼类种群正在枯竭。在更多的商业社区，单位努力的鱼获量较低，来自最大村庄的渔民深入到 CPUE 较高的保护区。我们发现村庄规模或市场暴露对狩猎物种的收获率或 CPUE 没有影响。然而，更大、更多商业社区的目标是更大、具有经济价值的物种。