Consumption of fermentable dietary fibres, such as inulin, or administration of helminth products (e.g. Trichuris suis ova) have independently been shown to alleviate inflammation in vivo. We recently found that dietary inulin and T. suis infection in pigs co-operatively suppressed type-1 inflammatory responses in the gut, suggesting the potential of dietary components to augment anti-inflammatory responses induced by certain helminths. Here, we explored whether T. suis antigens and inulin could directly suppress inflammatory responses in vitro in a cooperative manner. T. suis soluble products (TsSP) strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion from murine macrophages and induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype as evidenced by transcriptomic and gene pathway analyses. Inulin regulated the expression of a small number of genes and transcriptional pathways in macrophages after exposure to LPS, but did not enhance the suppressive activity of TsSP, either directly or in co-culture experiments with intestinal epithelial cells. Culture of macrophages with short-chain fatty acids, the products of microbial fermentation of inulin, did however appear to enhance TsSP-mediated inhibition of TNF-α production. Our results confirm a direct role for helminth products in suppressing inflammatory responses in macrophages. In contrast, inulin had little capacity to directly modulate LPS-induced responses. Our results suggest distinct mode-of-actions of T. suis and inulin in regulating inflammatory responses, and that the role of inulin in modulating the response to helminth infection may be dependent on other factors such as production of metabolites by the gut microbiota.

中文翻译：

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膳食纤维菊粉和Trichuris suis产品对脂多糖刺激的巨噬细胞中炎症反应的影响。

食用可食用膳食纤维（如菊粉）或施用蠕虫产品（例如，Trichuris suis ova）已独立显示可减轻体内炎症。我们最近发现，猪的饮食中菊粉和猪链球菌感染可协同抑制肠道中的1型炎症反应，表明饮食成分有可能增强某些蠕虫诱导的抗炎反应。在这里，我们探讨了猪链球菌抗原和菊粉是否可以协同方式直接抑制体外的炎症反应。转录组和基因途径分析证明，猪链球菌可溶性产物（TsSP）强烈抑制脂多糖（LPS）诱导的鼠巨噬细胞IL-6和TNF-α分泌，并诱导了抗炎表型。菊粉直接或在与肠上皮细胞共培养实验中，可调节巨噬细胞中少量基因的表达和转录途径，但并未增强TsSP的抑制活性。然而，用菊糖的微生物发酵产物短链脂肪酸培养巨噬细胞似乎增强了TsSP介导的TNF-α产生的抑制作用。我们的结果证实，蠕虫产品在抑制巨噬细胞的炎症反应中具有直接作用。相反，菊粉几乎没有能力直接调节LPS诱导的反应。我们的结果表明，猪T.suis和菊粉在调节炎症反应中具有独特的作用方式，