Abstract While shifting disturbance rates and climate change have major implications for the structure of contemporary forests through their effects on adult tree mortality, the responses of regenerating trees to disturbances and environmental variation will ultimately determine the structure and functioning of forests in the future. Assessing the resilience of forests to changing conditions requires information on what constrains tree performance during recruitment and whether recruitment dynamics have changed throughout history. We analyzed growth patterns in a large sample of tree cores (n = 14 793) collected from primary Picea forests throughout the Carpathian Mountains. Growth rate anomalies recorded in tree-rings permitted the reconstruction of several key recruitment and disturbance parameters: (1) whether individuals were recruited after a period of competitive suppression (Released Trees; RT; 66% of trees) or immediately following gap formation (Gap Recruited Trees; GRT; 33%), (2) growth rates during recruitment, (3) the duration of recruitment and (4) historical disturbance severity variation. High neighborhood density led to lower growth rates in RTs, but favored a higher growth rate in GRTs. Winter temperatures were positively correlated with Picea growth during recruitment, GRTs were also more sensitive to winter precipitation. Recent increases in growth during recruitment and reductions in recruitment intervals suggest that rates of canopy replacement have increased over recent decades. Assessments of forest resilience must recognize that constraints on tree growth differ during recruitment and interact with disturbance severity. An individual's experience prior to competitive release and factors altering the immediate abiotic conditions of a recruiting individual (competition and disturbance severity) are important determinants of canopy replacement rates; these recruitment parameters will certainly interact with shifting disturbance regimes. Ultimately, increasing growth rates and decreasing recruitment intervals suggest that forest dynamics are accelerating, and are potentially compensating for recent increases in tree mortality rates.

中文翻译：

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云杉生长的气候驱动因素在招募期间不同，并与干扰严重程度相互作用以影响冠层更换率

摘要 虽然不断变化的干扰率和气候变化通过对成年树木死亡率的影响对当代森林的结构产生重大影响，但再生树木对干扰和环境变化的反应将最终决定未来森林的结构和功能。评估森林对不断变化的条件的恢复能力需要关于在补充过程中限制树木表现的因素以及补充动态是否在整个历史中发生了变化的信息。我们分析了从整个喀尔巴阡山脉的原始云杉森林收集的大量树核样本 (n = 14 793) 的生长模式。树木年轮中记录的增长率异常允许重建几个关键的补充和干扰参数：(1) 个体是在竞争压制一段时间后（释放的树木；RT；66% 的树木）还是在差距形成后立即招募（差距招募的树木；GRT；33%），（2）招募期间的增长率，（3 ) 招募持续时间和 (4) 历史干扰严重程度变化。高社区密度导致 RTs 的增长率较低，但有利于 GRTs 的较高增长率。冬季温度与招募期间云杉的生长呈正相关，GRT 对冬季降水也更敏感。最近招募期间增长的增加和招募间隔的减少表明，近几十年来树冠更换率有所增加。森林恢复力的评估必须认识到，树木生长的限制在招募期间有所不同，并与干扰严重程度相互作用。个体在竞争性释放之前的经历和改变招募个体的直接非生物条件的因素（竞争和干扰严重程度）是冠层更换率的重要决定因素；这些招募参数肯定会与不断变化的干扰机制相互作用。最终，增加的增长率和减少的补充间隔表明森林动态正在加速，并且有可能补偿最近树木死亡率的增加。