Abstract Globally, agricultural ecosystems continue to be the most imperiled for biodiversity. Subsequently, countries focused on cost-share conservation programs whereby private landowners are paid to conserve or restore their land. In the United States, populations of grassland and shrubland breeding birds continue to decline, despite state, federal, and private cost-share conservation programs. We related avian occupancy to cost-share conservation programs across the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region using spatially explicit patch-scale survey data. Once per year from 2008 to 2012, we surveyed 5303 discreet points for 9 grassland and shrubland breeding bird species using roadside 5-min point-count surveys in 37 counties across 7 states. We modeled point-specific land cover and heterogeneity in conjunction with cost-share conservation program information using a multi-season robust-design occupancy model. Land-cover covariates were most important in models for species occupancy. For every species except Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii), Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), and Prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor), addition of conservation covariates to best-supported land-cover models improved occupancy model fit, though effects of conservation programs on occupancy were mixed. Eastern meadowlark occupancy was negatively correlated to the presence of conservation. Alternatively, Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) occupancy was 200% greater when a conservation practice was at a point rather than being located 4 km away. If cost-share conservation is going to reverse biodiversity declines in agricultural ecosystems, then scale-appropriate models will need to be used to prioritize future implementation because the status quo provides limited mixed effects on grassland and shrubland bird species occupancy.

中文翻译：

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成本分摊保护做法对美国中央硬木鸟类保护区的优先草地和灌木林繁殖鸟类的占有率有不同的影响

摘要 在全球范围内，农业生态系统仍然是生物多样性面临的最大威胁。随后，各国专注于成本分摊保护计划，通过该计划，私人土地所有者获得报酬以保护或恢复他们的土地。在美国，尽管有州、联邦和私人成本分摊保护计划，草地和灌木林繁殖鸟类的数量继续下降。我们使用空间明确的斑块规模调查数据将鸟类入住率与整个中央硬木鸟类保护区的成本分摊保护计划联系起来。从 2008 年到 2012 年，我们每年在 7 个州的 37 个县使用路边 5 分钟点数调查对 9 种草地和灌木林繁殖鸟类的 5303 个离散点进行调查。我们使用多季节稳健设计占用模型结合成本分摊保护计划信息对特定点的土地覆盖和异质性进行建模。土地覆盖协变量在物种占有率模型中最为重要。对于除 Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii)、麻雀 (Spizella pusilla) 和草原莺 (Setophaga discolor) 之外的每个物种，在最佳支持的土地覆盖模型中添加保护协变量改善了占用模型拟合，尽管保护计划对占用率的影响混合。东部草地鹨的入住率与保护的存在呈负相关。或者，当保护措施位于某个点而不是位于 4 公里外时，北白毛 (Colinus virginianus) 的入住率要高出 200%。