Around 400,000 cases of renal cell carcinoma are diagnosed worldwide every year with nearly a third having advanced-stage or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis.^1,2 A majority of patients are diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which is generally characterized by von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene inactivation and downstream upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors, accounting for angiogenesis and proliferation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting angiogenesis through inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) have transformed the prognosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), as those were associated with substantial response rates and improved survival.³ However, most patients eventually developed drug resistance and disease progression while on therapy.^4,5

中文翻译：

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肾细胞癌的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和免疫治疗组合

全球每年诊断出约 400,000 例肾细胞癌病例，其中近三分之一在诊断时已处于晚期或转移性疾病。^1,2大多数患者被诊断患有透明细胞肾细胞癌，其一般特征是 von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) 基因失活和下游缺氧诱导因子上调，从而导致血管生成和增殖。通过抑制血管内皮生长因子受体 (VEGFR) 来靶向血管生成的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (TKI) 改变了转移性肾细胞癌 (mRCC) 的预后，因为这些抑制剂与显着的缓解率和改善的生存率相关。³然而，大多数患者最终在治疗期间出现耐药性和疾病进展。^4,5