Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems,Nature

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Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-18 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y
Mark A Hindell _{1,

2} , Ryan R Reisinger _{3,

4,

5} , Yan Ropert-Coudert ₃ , Luis A Hückstädt ₆ , Philip N Trathan ₇ , Horst Bornemann ₈ , Jean-Benoît Charrassin ₅ , Steven L Chown ₉ , Daniel P Costa ₆ , Bruno Danis ₁₀ , Mary-Anne Lea _{1,

2} , David Thompson ₁₁ , Leigh G Torres ₁₂ , Anton P Van de Putte _{13,

14} , Rachael Alderman ₁₅ , Virginia Andrews-Goff _{1,

16} , Ben Arthur ₁ , Grant Ballard ₁₇ , John Bengtson ₁₈ , Marthán N Bester ₁₉ , Arnoldus Schytte Blix ₂₀ , Lars Boehme ₂₁ , Charles-André Bost ₃ , Peter Boveng ₁₈ , Jaimie Cleeland ₁ , Rochelle Constantine ₂₂ , Stuart Corney ₁ , Robert J M Crawford ₂₃ , Luciano Dalla Rosa ₂₄ , P J Nico de Bruyn ₁₉ , Karine Delord ₃ , Sébastien Descamps ₂₅ , Mike Double ₁₆ , Louise Emmerson ₁₆ , Mike Fedak ₂₁ , Ari Friedlaender _{6,

26} , Nick Gales ₁₆ , Michael E Goebel ₂₆ , Kimberly T Goetz ₁₁ , Christophe Guinet ₃ , Simon D Goldsworthy ₂₇ , Rob Harcourt ₂₈ , Jefferson T Hinke ₂₉ , Kerstin Jerosch ₈ , Akiko Kato ₃ , Knowles R Kerry ₁₆ , Roger Kirkwood ₁₆ , Gerald L Kooyman ₃₀ , Kit M Kovacs ₂₅ , Kieran Lawton ₁₆ , Andrew D Lowther ₂₅ , Christian Lydersen ₂₅ , Phil O'B Lyver ₃₁ , Azwianewi B Makhado ₂₃ , Maria E I Márquez ₃₂ , Birgitte I McDonald ₃₃ , Clive R McMahon _{1,

28,

34} , Monica Muelbert _{1,

24} , Dominik Nachtsheim _{8,

35} , Keith W Nicholls ₇ , Erling S Nordøy ₂₀ , Silvia Olmastroni _{36,

37} , Richard A Phillips ₇ , Pierre Pistorius ₃₈ , Joachim Plötz ₈ , Klemens Pütz ₃₉ , Norman Ratcliffe ₇ , Peter G Ryan ₄₀ , Mercedes Santos ₃₂ , Colin Southwell ₁₆ , Iain Staniland ₇ , Akinori Takahashi ₄₁ , Arnaud Tarroux _{25,

42} , Wayne Trivelpiece ₂₉ , Ewan Wakefield ₄₃ , Henri Weimerskirch ₃ , Barbara Wienecke ₁₆ , José C Xavier _{7,

44} , Simon Wotherspoon _{1,

16} , Ian D Jonsen ₂₈ , Ben Raymond _{1,

2,

16}

Affiliation

Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
CESAB-FRB, Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France.
LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR7159, Paris, France.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK.
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Marine Biology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.
Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA, USA.
Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA.
Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa.
UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK.
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa.
Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, South Australia, Australia.
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
Instituto Antártico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA.
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.
Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany.
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Siena, Italy.
DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Antarctic Research Trust, Bremervörde, Germany.
DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan.
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change^1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.

中文翻译：

追踪海洋捕食者以保护南大洋生态系统

南大洋生态系统面临资源开发和气候变化的压力^1,2. 减缓需要识别和保护生态重要区域 (AES)，目前尚未在海洋盆地尺度上确定这些区域。在这里，我们使用海洋捕食者的集合级跟踪，确定这个全球重要区域的 AES，并评估当前的威胁和保护水平。来自 17 种鸟类和哺乳动物物种的 4,000 多条轨迹的整合揭示了大西洋和印度洋亚南极岛屿周围以及南极大陆架上空的 AES。捕捞压力不成比例地集中在 AES 内部，预计下个世纪的气候变化将对这些地区施加压力，特别是在南极大陆周围。目前，南纬 40°以南 7.1% 的海域受到正式保护，其中 29% 的 AES 受到保护。

更新日期：2020-03-18

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