The cerebellum facilitates and modulates cognitive functions using forward and inverse internal models to predict and control behavior, respectively. Despite neuroimaging evidence that regions of the cerebellum are active during executive function (EF) tasks in general, little is known about the cerebellum’s role in specific EFs and their underlying neural networks. Inhibitory control specifically may be facilitated by cerebellar internal models predicting responses during proactive control (withholding), and controlling responses during reactive control (inhibiting). The stop signal task (SST) is an inhibitory control task often used in neuroimaging studies to measure neural responses to both proactive and reactive control. Thus, in this review, we examine evidence for the cerebellum’s role in inhibitory control by reviewing studies of healthy adults that utilized the SST in event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. Twenty-one studies that demonstrated cerebellar results were eligible for review, including 749 participants, 28 contrasts, and 38 cerebellar clusters. We also performed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of contrasts derived from reviewed studies. This review illustrates evidence for the cerebellum participating in inhibitory control independent of motor control. Most significant cerebellar clusters were located in the left posterior cerebellum, suggesting that it communicates with the established cortical right-lateralized inhibitory control network. Cerebellar activity was most consistently observed for contrasts that measured proactive control, and ALE analysis confirmed that left Crus I is most likely to be activated in studies of proactive control measuring monitoring and anticipation. Results suggest that the left posterior cerebellum may communicate with right frontal and parietal cortices, using forward models to predict appropriate responses. Reactive control contrasts indicated a possible role for cerebellar regions in enhancing inhibition efficiency through inverse models, but ALE meta-analysis did not confirm this hypothesis. Limitations in the current literature, clinical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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小脑对主动和被动控制在停止信号任务中的贡献：功能性磁共振成像研究的系统综述和荟萃分析。

小脑使用正向和反向内部模型分别预测和控制行为，从而促进和调节认知功能。尽管有神经影像学证据表明小脑区域通常在执行功能（EF）任务期间活跃，但对于小脑在特定EF及其基础神经网络中的作用知之甚少。小脑内部模型可以通过预测主动控制（抑制）期间的反应，以及反应控制（抑制）期间的反应来促进抑制性控制。停止信号任务（SST）是一种抑制性控制任务，通常在神经影像研究中用于测量对主动和反应性控制的神经反应。因此，在这篇评论中，我们通过回顾在事件相关功能磁共振成像（fMRI）实验中使用SST的健康成年人的研究，来检查小脑在抑制控制中的作用的证据。有21项显示小脑结果的研究符合条件，包括749名参与者，28个对比和38个小脑簇。我们还对来自已审查研究的对比进行了激活可能性估计（ALE）荟萃分析。这项审查说明小脑参与抑制控制独立于运动控制的证据。最重要的小脑簇位于左后小脑，提示它与已建立的皮质右偏侧抑制性控制网络相通。在测量主动控制的对比中，最一致地观察到小脑活动，而ALE分析证实，在主动控制测量监测和预期的研究中，左Crus I最有可能被激活。结果表明，使用正向模型预测适当的反应，左后小脑可能与右额叶和顶叶皮质相通。反应性对照对比表明小脑区域可能通过逆模型增强抑制效率，但ALE荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献的局限性，临床意义以及未来研究的方向。ALE分析证实，在主动控制，监测和预期研究中，左Crus I最有可能被激活。结果表明，使用正向模型预测适当的反应，左后小脑可能与右额叶和顶叶皮质相通。反应性对照对比表明小脑区域可能通过逆模型增强抑制效率，但ALE荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献的局限性，临床意义以及未来研究的方向。ALE分析证实，在主动控制，监测和预期研究中，左Crus I最有可能被激活。结果表明，使用正向模型预测适当的反应，左后小脑可能与右额叶和顶叶皮质相通。反应性对照对比表明小脑区域可能通过逆模型增强抑制效率，但ALE荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献中的局限性，临床意义以及未来研究的方向。反应性对照对比表明小脑区域可能通过逆模型增强抑制效率，但ALE荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献的局限性，临床意义以及未来研究的方向。反应性对照对比表明小脑区域可能通过逆模型增强抑制效率，但ALE荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献的局限性，临床意义以及未来研究的方向。