Abstract Pinus koraiensis is a conifer species of ecological and economic importance in northeast China that has been excessively exploited in recent years. A clonal seed orchard (CSO) was established including potentially genetically differentiated provenances from the whole distribution area, we applied nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) makers to study the genetic diversity and population structure of six maternal populations as well as their progeny populations. The results showed a high genetic diversity in both maternal and progeny populations, with the average expected heterozygosity of 0.617 and 0.632, respectively. The level of genetic diversity in the progeny populations was slightly higher than that in the maternal populations, and almost all diversity descriptors were correlated between maternal and progeny populations, indicating that the CSO could preserve the established species’ gene pool. An overall low level of genetic differentiation of P. koraiensis (FST = 0.029 and 0.025 for maternal and progeny populations) was found. The six maternal populations clustered into two groups by Bayesian cluster analysis with the two northernmost populations comprising one group and the other four populations as another genetically differentiated group, potentially indicating regional adaptation. The northern group had significantly higher levels of within population diversity. Population structure was not evident anymore in the progeny populations, suggesting that mating among differentiated provenances within the CSO homogenized the different gene pools, although differences in diversity were still maintained. These results will inform efforts for the conservation and management of P. koraiensis and provide guidance for future studies of population genetics and breeding programs.

中文翻译：

---

红松异地保护可保持遗传多样性但使种群结构同质化

摘要 红松是近年来过度开发的东北地区具有重要生态和经济意义的针叶树种。建立了一个克隆种子园 (CSO)，包括来自整个分布区域的潜在遗传差异来源，我们应用 9 个简单序列重复 (SSR) 制造商来研究六个母本种群及其后代种群的遗传多样性和种群结构。结果表明，母体和后代种群均具有较高的遗传多样性，平均预期杂合度分别为 0.617 和 0.632。后代种群的遗传多样性水平略高于母体种群，几乎所有的多样性描述符都与母体和后代种群相关，表明 CSO 可以保留已建立物种的基因库。发现 P. koraiensis 的总体遗传分化水平较低（母体和后代种群的 FST = 0.029 和 0.025）。六个母系种群通过贝叶斯聚类分析分为两组，最北端的两个种群构成一组，另外四个种群作为另一个遗传分化组，可能表明区域适应性。北方群体的内部种群多样性水平显着更高。后代种群中的种群结构不再明显，这表明 CSO 内不同来源之间的交配使不同的基因库同质化，尽管多样性的差异仍然存在。