Scalable solar hydrogen production by water splitting using particulate photocatalysts is promising for renewable energy utilization. However, photocatalytic overall water splitting is challenging owing to slow water oxidation kinetics, severe reverse reaction, and H₂/O₂ gas separation. Herein, mimicking nature photosynthesis, a practically feasible approach named Hydrogen Farm Project (HFP) is presented, which is composed of solar energy capturing and hydrogen production subsystems integrated by a shuttle ion loop, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺. Well‐defined BiVO₄ crystals with precisely tuned {110}/{010} facets are ideal photocatalysts to realize the HFP, giving up to 71 % quantum efficiency for photocatalytic water oxidation and full forward reaction with nearly no reverse reaction. An overall solar‐to‐chemical efficiency over 1.9 % and a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency exceeding 1.8 % could be achieved. Furthermore, a scalable HFP panel for solar energy storage was demonstrated under sunlight outdoors.

中文翻译：

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用颗粒光催化剂可扩展地生产太阳能制氢的氢气农场策略。

通过使用颗粒状光催化剂进行水分解可大规模生产太阳能氢有望用于可再生能源利用。然而，由于缓慢的水氧化动力学，严重的逆反应和H ₂ / O ₂气体分离，光催化的总水分解是有挑战性的。本文中，模仿自然光合作用，提出了一种切实可行的方法，称为“氢农场项目”（HFP），该方法由太阳能捕获和制氢子系统与穿梭离子环Fe ³⁺ / Fe ²⁺集成而成。定义明确的BiVO ₄具有精确调整的{110} / {010}面的晶体是实现HFP的理想光催化剂，为光催化水氧化和完全正向反应提供了71％的量子效率，几乎没有逆反应。可以实现超过1.9％的总体太阳能转化率和超过1.8％的太阳能转化率。此外，在户外阳光下展示了可伸缩的HFP太阳能存储面板。