For centuries plants have been intensively utilized as reliable sources of food, flavoring, agrochemical and pharmaceutical ingredients. However, plant natural habitats are being rapidly lost due to climate change and agriculture. Plant biotechnology offers a sustainable method for the bioproduction of plant secondary metabolites using plant in vitro systems. The unique structural features of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as their safety profile, multi-target spectrum and "metabolite likeness," have led to the establishment of many plant-derived drugs, comprising approximately a quarter of all drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and/or European Medicinal Agency. However, there are still many challenges to overcome to enhance the production of these metabolites from plant in vitro systems and establish a sustainable large-scale biotechnological process. These challenges are due to the peculiarities of plant cell metabolism, the complexity of plant secondary metabolite pathways, and the correct selection of bioreactor systems and bioprocess optimization. In this review, we present an integrated overview of the possible avenues for enhancing the biosynthesis of high-value marketable molecules produced by plant in vitro systems. These include metabolic engineering and CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the regulation of plant metabolism through overexpression/repression of single or multiple structural genes or transcriptional factors. The use of NMR-based metabolomics for monitoring metabolite concentrations and additionally as a tool to study the dynamics of plant cell metabolism and nutritional management is discussed here. Different types of bioreactor systems, their modification and optimal process parameters for the lab- or industrial-scale production of plant secondary metabolites are specified.

中文翻译：

---

绿色（细胞）工厂，用于植物次生代谢产物的高级生产。

几个世纪以来，植物一直被广泛用作食品，调味剂，农用化学和药物成分的可靠来源。然而，由于气候变化和农业，植物的自然栖息地正在迅速丧失。植物生物技术为使用植物体外系统生物生产植物次生代谢产物提供了一种可持续的方法。植物衍生的次级代谢产物的独特结构特征，例如它们的安全性，多目标谱和“代谢类似物”，导致建立了许多植物衍生的药物，约占食品与药品管理局批准的所有药物的四分之一。和药品管理局和/或欧洲药品管理局。然而，要增强植物体外系统中这些代谢产物的产生并建立可持续的大规模生物技术过程，仍需要克服许多挑战。这些挑战归因于植物细胞代谢的特殊性，植物次生代谢途径的复杂性以及生物反应器系统的正确选择和生物工艺的优化。在这篇综述中，我们提出了增强植物体外系统产生的高价值可销售分子的生物合成途径的综合综述。其中包括代谢工程和CRISPR / Cas9技术，可通过单个或多个结构基因或转录因子的过表达/抑制来调节植物代谢。本文讨论了基于NMR的代谢组学在监测代谢物浓度方面的用途，以及作为研究植物细胞代谢和营养管理动态的工具。说明了实验室或工业规模生产植物次生代谢产物的不同类型的生物反应器系统，其修饰方法和最佳工艺参数。