Glioblastoma remains as the most common and aggressive primary adult brain tumor to date. Within the last decade, cancer immunotherapy surfaced as a broadly successful therapeutic approach for a variety of cancers. However, due to the neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive nature of malignant gliomas, conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments garner limited efficacy in patients with these tumors. The intricate structure of the blood brain barrier restricts immune accessibility into the tumor microenvironment, and malignant gliomas can activate various adaptive responses to subvert anticancer immune responses and reinstate an immunosuppressive milieu. Yet, evidence of lymphocyte infiltration within the brain and recent advancements made in cell engineering technologies implicate the vast potential in the future of neuro-oncological immunotherapy. Previous immunotherapy platforms have paved way to improved modalities, which includes but is not limited to personalized vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. This review will cover the various neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive features of central nervous system tumors and highlight the innovations made in T-cell based therapies to overcome the challenges presented by the glioblastoma microenvironment.

中文翻译：

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基于 T 细胞的疗法，用于克服神经胶质瘤微环境中的神经解剖学和免疫抑制挑战。

迄今为止，胶质母细胞瘤仍然是最常见和最具侵袭性的成人原发性脑肿瘤。在过去的十年中，癌症免疫疗法作为多种癌症的一种广泛成功的治疗方法而出现。然而，由于恶性神经胶质瘤的神经解剖学和免疫抑制性质，常规化疗和放疗对这些肿瘤患者的疗效有限。血脑屏障的复杂结构限制了免疫系统进入肿瘤微环境，恶性胶质瘤可以激活各种适应性反应，破坏抗癌免疫反应并恢复免疫抑制环境。然而，淋巴细胞浸润大脑的证据以及细胞工程技术的最新进展暗示了神经肿瘤免疫治疗未来的巨大潜力。以前的免疫治疗平台已经为改进模式铺平了道路，其中包括但不限于个性​​化疫苗和嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法。这篇综述将涵盖中枢神经系统肿瘤的各种神经解剖学和免疫抑制特征，并重点介绍基于 T 细胞的疗法为克服胶质母细胞瘤微环境带来的挑战而做出的创新。