Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D)-printing is an emerging technology that has been applied in the development of novel materials and devices for a wide range of applications, including Electrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry areas. This review article focuses on the contributions of 3D-printing technology to the development of electrochemical sensors and complete electrochemical sensing devices. Due to the recent contributions of 3D-printing within this scenario, the aim of this review is to present a guide for new users of 3D-printing technology considering the required features for improved electrochemical sensing using 3D-printed sensors. At the same time, this is a comprehensive review that includes most 3D-printed electrochemical sensors and devices already reported using selective laser melting (SLM) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printers. The latter is the most affordable 3D-printing technique and for this reason has been more often applied for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, also due to commercially-available conductive and non-conductive filaments. Special attention is given to critically discuss the need for the surface treatment of FDM 3D-printed platforms to improve their electrochemical performance. The insertion of biochemical and chemical catalysts on the 3D-printed surfaces are highlighted as well as novel strategies to fabricate filaments containing chemical modifiers within the polymeric matrix. Some examples of complete electrochemical sensing systems obtained by 3D-printing have successfully demonstrated the enormous potential to develop portable devices for on-site applications. The freedom of design enabled by 3D-printing opens many possibilities of forthcoming investigations in the area of analytical electrochemistry.

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增材制造（3D 打印）电化学传感器：批判性评论

增材制造或三维 (3D) 打印是一种新兴技术，已应用于开发新型材料和设备，应用范围广泛，包括电化学和分析化学领域。这篇综述文章重点介绍了 3D 打印技术对电化学传感器和完整电化学传感装置的发展的贡献。由于 3D 打印在这种情况下的最新贡献，本次审查的目的是为 3D 打印技术的新用户提供指南，考虑使用 3D 打印传感器改进电化学传感所需的功能。同时，这是一篇综合评论，其中包括大多数已使用选择性激光熔化 (SLM) 和熔融沉积建模 (FDM) 3D 打印机报告的 3D 打印电化学传感器和设备。后者是最实惠的 3D 打印技术，因此更常用于制造电化学传感器，这也是由于商业上可用的导电和非导电细丝。特别注意批判性地讨论 FDM 3D 打印平台的表面处理以提高其电化学性能的必要性。强调了在 3D 打印表面上插入生化和化学催化剂以及在聚合物基质中制造含有化学改性剂的长丝的新策略。通过 3D 打印获得的完整电化学传感系统的一些例子已经成功证明了为现场应用开发便携式设备的巨大潜力。3D 打印带来的设计自由为即将到来的分析电化学领域的研究开辟了许多可能性。