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DNA-editing enzymes as potential treatments for heteroplasmic mtDNA diseases.
Journal of Internal Medicine ( IF 9.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 , DOI: 10.1111/joim.13055
U Zekonyte 1 , S R Bacman 2 , C T Moraes 2
Affiliation  

Mutations in the mitochondrial genome are the cause of many debilitating neuromuscular disorders. Currently, there is no cure or treatment for these diseases, and symptom management is the only relief doctors can provide. Although supplements and vitamins are commonly used in treatment, they provide little benefit to the patient and are only palliative. This is why gene therapy is a promising research topic to potentially treat and, in theory, even cure diseases caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mammalian cells contain approximately a thousand copies of mtDNA, which can lead to a phenomenon called heteroplasmy, where both wild-type and mutant mtDNA molecules co-exist within the cell. Disease only manifests once the per cent of mutant mtDNA reaches a high threshold (usually >80%), which causes mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced ATP production. This is a useful feature to take advantage of for gene therapy applications, as not every mutant copy of mtDNA needs to be eliminated, but only enough to shift the heteroplasmic ratio below the disease threshold. Several DNA-editing enzymes have been used to shift heteroplasmy in cell culture and mice. This review provides an overview of these enzymes and discusses roadblocks of applying these to gene therapy in humans.

中文翻译:

DNA编辑酶可作为治疗异质mtDNA疾病的潜在方法。

线粒体基因组中的突变是许多使人衰弱的神经肌肉疾病的原因。目前,还没有治愈或治疗这些疾病的方法,而症状管理是医生所能提供的唯一缓解方法。尽管补充剂和维生素通常用于治疗,但它们对患者几乎没有益处,只是姑息治疗。这就是为什么基因疗法是一个有前途的研究主题的原因,该研究有望潜在地治疗甚至在理论上治愈由线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变引起的疾病。哺乳动物细胞包含大约一千个mtDNA拷贝,这可能导致一种称为异质性的现象,其中野生型和突变型mtDNA分子都共存于细胞内。只有在突变mtDNA的百分比达到较高阈值(通常> 80%)时,疾病才会显现出来,导致线粒体功能障碍并降低ATP产生。这是一个有用的功能,可利用在基因治疗中,因为并非每个mtDNA突变体都需要消除,而仅足以使异质比率低于疾病阈值即可。几种DNA编辑酶已用于转移细胞培养物和小鼠中的异质性。这篇综述概述了这些酶,并讨论了将这些酶应用于人类基因治疗的障碍。
更新日期:2020-03-16
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