Speaking involves information-universal and information-specific systems, and it remains unknown about the influence of two systems in spoken word production. We manipulated time pressure (with and without) as an information-universal factor and the semantic relatedness between target names and distractor words (semantically related and unrelated) as an information-specific factor in the picture-word interference (PWI) task, while electrophysiological signals were measured concurrently. Naming latencies showed a significant semantic interference effect in the condition without time pressure but none in the condition with time pressure. Spatio-temporal segmentation analysis indicated that time pressure only prolonged the duration of Map 4 ranging from about 250–350 ms post picture presentation, and meanwhile shortened the duration of Map 5 starting around 350–520 ms. Within the framework of serial models, the two time periods were presumably associated with lexical selection and phonological encoding in spoken word production. Cluster-based permutation analysis revealed that semantic relatedness modulated ERPs around 320−360 ms after picture onset in the condition without time pressure, while 530−570 ms in the condition with time pressure. Our findings reveal that time pressure prolongs lexical selection and shortens phonological encoding. Furthermore, time pressure dynamically modulates whether semantically related distractors exceed a competition threshold to interfere with target word selection.

中文翻译：

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时间压力和语义相关性对口语产生的影响：地形 ERP 研究

说话涉及信息通用系统和信息特定系统，这两个系统对口语产生的影响仍然未知。我们将时间压力（有或没有）作为信息通用因素，将目标名称和干扰词之间的语义相关性（语义相关和不相关）作为图词干扰（PWI）任务中的信息特定因素，而电生理学同时测量信号。命名潜伏期在无时间压力的情况下表现出显着的语义干扰效应，但在有时间压力的情况下则没有。时空分割分析表明，时间压力仅延长了地图4在图片呈现后的持续时间约250-350毫秒，同时缩短了地图5的持续时间从350-520毫秒开始。在序列模型的框架内，这两个时期可能与口语单词生成中的词汇选择和语音编码有关。基于聚类的排列分析表明，在没有时间压力的情况下，语义相关性在图片出现后 320−360 ms 左右调节 ERP，而在有时间压力的情况下则为 530−570 ms。我们的研究结果表明，时间压力会延长词汇选择并缩短语音编码。此外，时间压力动态调节语义相关的干扰项是否超过竞争阈值以干扰目标词选择。