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Premature termination codon readthrough upregulates progranulin expression and improves lysosomal function in preclinical models of GRN deficiency.
Molecular Neurodegeneration ( IF 14.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 , DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00369-5
Jonathan Frew 1 , Alireza Baradaran-Heravi 2 , Aruna D Balgi 2 , Xiujuan Wu 1 , Tyler D Yan 1 , Steve Arns 3 , Fahimeh S Shidmoossavee 3 , Jason Tan 3 , James B Jaquith 4 , Karen R Jansen-West 5 , Francis C Lynn 6 , Fen-Biao Gao 7 , Leonard Petrucelli 5 , Howard H Feldman 1, 8 , Ian R Mackenzie 9 , Michel Roberge 2 , Haakon B Nygaard 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a devastating and progressive disorder, and a common cause of early onset dementia. Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to autosomal dominant mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) is an important cause of FTLD (FTLD-GRN), and nearly a quarter of these genetic cases are due to a nonsense mutation. Premature termination codons (PTC) can be therapeutically targeted by compounds allowing readthrough, and aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to be potent PTC readthrough drugs. Restoring endogenous PGRN through PTC readthrough has not previously been explored as a therapeutic intervention in FTLD. METHODS We studied whether the aminoglycoside G418 could increase PGRN expression in HEK293 and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons bearing the heterozygous S116X, R418X, and R493X pathogenic GRN nonsense mutations. We further tested a novel substituted phthalimide PTC readthrough enhancer in combination with G418 in our cellular models. We next generated a homozygous R493X knock-in hiPSC isogenic line (R493X-/- KI), assessing whether combination treatment in hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes could increase PGRN and ameliorate lysosomal dysfunction relevant to FTLD-GRN. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured brain PGRN after intracerebroventricular administration of G418 in mice expressing the V5-tagged GRN nonsense mutation R493X. RESULTS The R418X and R493X mutant GRN cell lines responded to PTC readthrough with G418, and treatments increased PGRN levels in R493X-/- KI hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. Combining G418 with a PTC readthrough enhancer increased PGRN levels over G418 treatment alone in vitro. PGRN deficiency has been shown to impair lysosomal function, and the mature form of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D is overexpressed in R493X-/- KI neurons. Increasing PGRN through G418-mediated PTC readthrough normalized this abnormal lysosomal phenotype in R493X-/- KI neuronal cultures. A single intracerebroventricular injection of G418 induced GRN PTC readthrough in 6-week-old AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that PTC readthrough may be a potential therapeutic strategy for FTLD caused by GRN nonsense mutations.

中文翻译:

在 GRN 缺乏症的临床前模型中,过早终止密码子通读上调颗粒蛋白前体表达并改善溶酶体功能。

背景技术额颞叶变性(FTLD)是一种破坏性和进行性的疾病,也是早发性痴呆的常见原因。由于颗粒蛋白前体基因 (GRN) 中的常染色体显性突变导致的颗粒蛋白前体 (PGRN) 单倍体不足是 FTLD (FTLD-GRN) 的重要原因,这些遗传病例中有近四分之一是由于无义突变。过早终止密码子 (PTC) 可以通过允许通读的化合物进行治疗,并且已知氨基糖苷类抗生素是有效的 PTC 通读药物。通过 PTC 通读恢复内源性 PGRN 以前没有被探索为 FTLD 的治疗干预。方法 我们研究了氨基糖苷类 G418 是否可以增加 HEK293 和人类诱导多能干细胞 (hiPSC) 衍生的携带杂合 S116X、R418X、和 R493X 致病性 GRN 无义突变。我们在我们的细胞模型中进一步测试了一种新的取代邻苯二甲酰亚胺 PTC 通读增强剂与 G418 的组合。我们接下来生成纯合 R493X 敲入 hiPSC 同基因系 (R493X-/- KI),评估 hiPSC 衍生神经元和星形胶质细胞的联合治疗是否可以增加 PGRN 并改善与 FTLD-GRN 相关的溶酶体功能障碍。为了提供我们方法的体内概念验证,我们在表达 V5 标记的 GRN 无义突变 R493X 的小鼠中脑室内给予 G418 后测量了脑 PGRN。结果 R418X 和 R493X 突变 GRN 细胞系对 G418 的 PTC 通读有反应,并且治疗增加了 R493X-/- KI hiPSC 衍生的神经元和星形胶质细胞中的 PGRN 水平。在体外,将 G418 与 PTC 通读增强剂结合使用比 G418 单独治疗增加了 PGRN 水平。已显示 PGRN 缺乏会损害溶酶体功能,并且溶酶体蛋白酶组织蛋白酶 D 的成熟形式在 R493X-/- KI 神经元中过度表达。通过 G418 介导的 PTC 通读增加 PGRN 使 R493X-/- KI 神经元培养物中的这种异常溶酶体表型正常化。在 6 周大的 AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 小鼠中,单次脑室内注射 G418 诱导 GRN PTC 通读。结论 综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,PTC 通读可能是治疗由 GRN 无义突变引起的 FTLD 的潜在治疗策略。通过 G418 介导的 PTC 通读增加 PGRN 使 R493X-/- KI 神经元培养物中的这种异常溶酶体表型正常化。在 6 周大的 AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 小鼠中,单次脑室内注射 G418 诱导 GRN PTC 通读。结论 综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,PTC 通读可能是治疗由 GRN 无义突变引起的 FTLD 的潜在治疗策略。通过 G418 介导的 PTC 通读增加 PGRN 使 R493X-/- KI 神经元培养物中的这种异常溶酶体表型正常化。在 6 周大的 AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 小鼠中,单次脑室内注射 G418 诱导 GRN PTC 通读。结论 综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,PTC 通读可能是治疗由 GRN 无义突变引起的 FTLD 的潜在治疗策略。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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