Abstract This review of studies that quantified fluxes with seepage meters in marine settings in the last decades shows the historical evolution of this device and the knowledge acquired during this period. Coastal environments are differentiated from freshwater settings due to water salinity and the effects of tides and waves that have important implications for the measurement approach and generated results. The framework in which seepage meters have been used in marine settings has evolved in parallel to the understanding of submarine groundwater discharge. This review of seepage meter research shows: an uneven distribution of studies in the world with some densely-studied regions and an absolute lack of data in other regions; a dominance of studies where only seepage meters were used compared to studies that combined seepage meter measurements with values determined with radioactive tracers or hydraulic calculations; and a variety of publication outlets with different focuses (hydrology, oceanography or multidisciplinary). The historical overview of the research conducted with seepage meters shows the wide range of seepage meter applications – from simply measuring fluxes at local scales to larger studies that extrapolate local results to estimate fluxes of water, nutrients, and other solutes at regional and global scales. A variety of automated seepage meters have been developed and used to better characterize short-term groundwater-seawater exchange, including the effects of waves and tides. We present recommendations and considerations to guide seepage meter deployment in marine settings, as seepage meters are still the only method that quantifies directly the interaction between groundwater and surface water.

中文翻译：

---

用于量化地下水和地表水之间流量的渗流计的历史和演变：第 2 部分 - 海洋环境和海底地下水排放

摘要 对过去几十年在海洋环境中使用渗流计量化通量的研究的回顾显示了该设备的历史演变以及在此期间获得的知识。由于水的盐度以及潮汐和波浪的影响，沿海环境与淡水环境不同，这对测量方法和生成的结果具有重要意义。在海洋环境中使用渗流计的框架与对海底地下水排放的理解并行发展。对渗流计研究的回顾表明：世界上研究分布不均，一些地区研究密集，其他地区绝对缺乏数据；与将渗流计测量值与放射性示踪剂或水力计算确定的值相结合的研究相比，仅使用渗流计的研究占主导地位；以及具有不同重点（水文学、海洋学或多学科）的各种出版物。使用渗流计进行的研究的历史概述显示了渗流计应用的广泛范围——从简单地测量局部尺度的通量到更大的研究，外推局部结果以估计区域和全球尺度的水、养分和其他溶质的通量。已经开发并使用了多种自动渗漏计来更好地表征短期地下水-海水交换，包括波浪和潮汐的影响。