Abstract More than 75 years after its introduction, the seepage meter remains the only device for directly quantifying exchange across the sediment-water interface between groundwater and surface water. This device, first presented in the literature in the 1940s, has been in a state of near-constant improvement and design change, necessitating a review of the history and evolution of the device and a description of current best-measurement practices. Part 1 of this two-part review documents the evolution of seepage meters deployed in freshwater settings, including a listing of suggestions for best-measurement and deployment practices. Part 2 covers the same scope for seepage meters deployed in marine settings. Traditional seepage meters isolate a portion of the sediment bed; seepage commonly is determined by routing the volume of flow across that isolated interface to or from a submerged measurement bag over a known time interval. The time-integrated volume is then divided by the bed area covered by the meter to obtain a seepage flux expressed in distance per time. Both the instrument and the measurement are deceptively simple, leading some early users to question the viability of the measurement. Numerous sources of error have been identified and addressed over the decades, resulting in large improvements in measurement consistency and accuracy. Duration of each measurement depends on the seepage rate and can vary from minutes to days, leading to the erroneous and yet common assumption that seepage is relatively stable over time. Designs that replace the measurement bag with a flowmeter eliminate bag-related errors and provide much finer temporal resolution. Resulting data indicate seepage is highly variable in many settings and responds to numerous sub-daily processes, including evapotranspiration, rainfall, seiches and waves. Combining direct measurements from seepage meters with other measurements, such as vertical hydraulic gradients and vertical temperature profiles, provides far better understanding of the processes that control exchange between groundwater and surface water.

中文翻译：

---

用于量化地下水和地表水之间流量的渗流计的历史和演变：第 1 部分 - 淡水环境

摘要 在推出 75 多年后，渗流计仍然是直接量化地下水和地表水之间沉积物-水界面交换的唯一设备。该设备于 1940 年代首次出现在文献中，一直处于近乎不断改进和设计变更的状态，因此需要回顾该设备的历史和演变并描述当前的最佳测量实践。这个由两部分组成的审查的第 1 部分记录了在淡水环境中部署的渗流计的演变，包括最佳测量和部署实践的建议列表。第 2 部分涵盖了在海洋环境中部署的渗流计的相同范围。传统的渗流计隔离了一部分沉积床；渗漏通常是通过在已知时间间隔内穿过隔离界面进出水下测量袋的流量来确定的。然后将时间积分体积除以流量计覆盖的床面积，以获得以每次距离表示的渗流通量。仪器和测量都看似简单，导致一些早期用户质疑测量的可行性。数十年来，已经确定并解决了许多错误来源，从而大大提高了测量的一致性和准确性。每次测量的持续时间取决于渗流率，可能从几分钟到几天不等，导致错误且普遍的假设，即渗流随时间推移相对稳定。用流量计代替测量袋的设计消除了与袋相关的误差并提供了更精细的时间分辨率。结果数据表明，渗流在许多环境中变化很大，并对许多次日过程做出反应，包括蒸散、降雨、地震和波浪。将渗流计的直接测量与其他测量（例如垂直水力梯度和垂直温度剖面）相结合，可以更好地了解控制地下水和地表水之间交换的过程。