Three main groups of internal and external influencing factors have been identified through this review, including building characteristics, equipment and technologies, and occupant's behaviors. The consideration of only building characteristics cannot guarantee the best energy design of a building, as it could be dependent on the other two groups of factors. Under some circumstances, some of the energy efficiency design solutions did not consider economic or environmental benefits. A wide range of advanced technologies is available for building designers, while challenges still exist from a cost-effectiveness perspective. Many numerical results are hard to validate and confirm the feasibility of those real projects. Comparatively, occupant behavior interventions provide an alternative solution for building users to improve energy efficiency with a relatively low cost and unsophisticated construction procedures. According to those reviewed studies, the ranges of energy-saving are 10-28% and 43-71% through the smart control of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and the lighting systems, respectively. The trends of key influencing factors on energy efficiency design have slightly changed over the past few decades. The influencing factors had been mainly investigated in the optimization design and technological updates of buildings previously but now have incorporated the building management of occupant behaviour. Few studies have been carried out to integrate the occupant behavior model into the current energy simulation software. Thus, two research directions can be concluded after this review. Building efficiency design needs to be conducted from a systematic view to figure out the underlying issues among different efficient design measures. Energy performance benchmarking of both occupant behavior interventions and the technological updates and building service systems are urgently needed as a guided reference to help the building users to make smart decisions.

通过这次审查，确定了三个主要的内部和外部影响因素，包括建筑特征，设备和技术以及乘员的行为。仅考虑建筑物的特性并不能保证建筑物的最佳能源设计，因为它可能取决于其他两组因素。在某些情况下，某些能效设计解决方案未考虑经济或环境利益。建筑设计师可以使用各种各样的先进技术，而从成本效益角度来看仍然存在挑战。许多数值结果很难验证和证实那些实际项目的可行性。比较，乘员行为干预为建筑用户提供了一种替代解决方案，以相对较低的成本和简单的施工程序来提高能源效率。根据那些经过审查的研究，通过智能控制采暖，通风和空调（HVAC）和照明系统，节能范围分别为10-28％和43-71％。在过去的几十年中，影响能源效率设计的主要影响因素的趋势已经略有变化。影响因素以前主要是在建筑物的优化设计和技术更新中进行调查，但现在已纳入了对居民行为的建筑物管理。很少有研究将乘员行为模型集成到当前的能源模拟软件中。从而，审查后可以得出两个研究方向。需要从系统的角度进行建筑节能设计，以找出不同的高效设计措施之间的潜在问题。迫切需要对乘员行为干预和技术更新以及建筑服务系统进行能效基准测试，以作为指导性参考，以帮助建筑用户做出明智的决策。