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Mapping forest height using photon-counting LiDAR data and Landsat 8 OLI data: A case study in Virginia and North Carolina, USA
Ecological Indicators ( IF 6.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-13 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106287
Xiaoxiao Zhu , Cheng Wang , Sheng Nie , Feifei Pan , Xiaohuan Xi , Zhenyue Hu

Large-scale, accurate and detailed forest height map is worthwhile and necessary for understanding and assessing global carbon cycle and biodiversity. The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission, employing a photon-counting LiDAR (PCL) system, offers an opportunity to map global forest height with high resolution. This study aimed to map forest height at a spatial resolution of 30 m by combining Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) data with Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data. There are four key steps to accomplish this goal. First, a segmentation method based on the Douglas-Peucker algorithm was proposed to solve the problem of large turns or calibration maneuvers in MABEL data. Second, we estimated forest height and selected the forest height samples with high accuracy and reliability by developing three filters including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) filter, slope filter, and canopy photons density (CPD) filter. Third, forest height models based on both random forest (RF) and stepwise multiple regression algorithms were developed to establish relationships between the selected forest height samples and predicator variables of Landsat-derived spectral indices, topographic variables and geographic coordinates. Finally, a wall-to-wall forest height map was generated by applying the developed forest height models to predicator variables, and the accuracy of forest height map was validated using airborne LiDAR-derived forest heights. An area of 160, 000 km2 in southeast Virginia and east North Carolina was chosen for testing the methods proposed in this study. The results demonstrated that the Douglas-Peucker algorithm can effectively solve the MABEL data overlapping issues caused by large turns and calibration maneuvers in flight lines. The suitable filters for selecting forest heights are SNR > 6, terrain slope < 25°, and 40 < CPD < 170. These developed filters can substantially increase the accuracies of forest height models. The results also indicated that RF-derived forest height models achieved higher modeling accuracy than stepwise regression-derived forest height models. RF-derived forest height models yielded coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.59, 0.68 and 0.62 and RMSE values of 4.55 m, 3.41 m and 4.08 m for deciduous forest, evergreen forest and mixed forest, respectively. Compared to LiDAR-derived forest height, the forest height map produced in this study has a R2 value of 0.54 and a RMSE value of 6.85 m, which demonstrates that combination of MABEL data and Landsat 8 OLI data can be used to generate forest height maps with a spatial resolution of 30 m.



中文翻译:

使用光子计数LiDAR数据和Landsat 8 OLI数据绘制森林高度图:以美国弗吉尼亚州和北卡罗来纳州为例

大规模,准确和详细的森林高度图对于理解和评估全球碳循环和生物多样性是有价值且必要的。利用光子计数激光雷达(PCL)系统的“冰,云和陆地高空卫星2(ICESat-2)”任务为高分辨率绘制全球森林高度图提供了机会。这项研究旨在通过将多个测高仪光束实验激光雷达(MABEL)数据与Landsat 8实用陆地成像仪(OLI)数据相结合,以30 m的空间分辨率绘制森林高度图。要完成此目标,有四个关键步骤。首先,提出一种基于道格拉斯-皮克算法的分割方法,以解决MABEL数据的大转弯或标定动作的问题。第二,我们通过开发三个滤波器(包括信噪比(SNR)滤波器,斜率滤波器和冠层光子密度(CPD)滤波器)来估计森林高度并选择高精度和可靠性的森林高度样本。第三,开发了基于随机森林(RF)和逐步多元回归算法的森林高度模型,以建立所选森林高度样本与Landsat得出的光谱指数的谓词变量,地形变量和地理坐标之间的关系。最后,通过将开发的森林高度模型应用于谓词变量来生成墙对墙森林高度图,并使用机载LiDAR得出的森林高度验证森林高度图的准确性。面积160,000公里 和冠层光子密度(CPD)滤镜。第三,开发了基于随机森林(RF)和逐步多元回归算法的森林高度模型,以建立所选森林高度样本与Landsat得出的光谱指数的谓词变量,地形变量和地理坐标之间的关系。最后,通过将开发的森林高度模型应用于谓词变量来生成墙对墙森林高度图,并使用机载LiDAR得出的森林高度验证森林高度图的准确性。面积160,000公里 和冠层光子密度(CPD)滤镜。第三,开发了基于随机森林(RF)和逐步多元回归算法的森林高度模型,以建立所选森林高度样本与Landsat得出的光谱指数的谓词变量,地形变量和地理坐标之间的关系。最后,通过将开发的森林高度模型应用于谓词变量来生成墙对墙森林高度图,并使用机载LiDAR得出的森林高度验证森林高度图的准确性。面积160,000公里 建立了基于随机森林(RF)和逐步多元回归算法的森林高度模型,以建立所选森林高度样本与Landsat得出的光谱指数的谓词变量,地形变量和地理坐标之间的关系。最后,通过将开发的森林高度模型应用于谓词变量来生成墙对墙森林高度图,并使用机载LiDAR得出的森林高度验证森林高度图的准确性。面积160,000公里 建立了基于随机森林(RF)和逐步多元回归算法的森林高度模型,以建立所选森林高度样本与Landsat得出的光谱指数的谓词变量,地形变量和地理坐标之间的关系。最后,通过将开发的森林高度模型应用于谓词变量来生成墙对墙森林高度图,并使用机载LiDAR得出的森林高度验证森林高度图的准确性。面积160,000公里2在弗吉尼亚州东南部和东部的北卡罗莱纳州被选为测试在这项研究中提出的方法。结果表明,Douglas-Peucker算法可以有效解决飞行路线大转弯和标定动作引起的MABEL数据重叠问题。选择森林高度的合适过滤器是SNR> 6,地形坡度<25°和40 <CPD <170。这些开发的过滤器可以大大提高森林高度模型的准确性。结果还表明,与逐步回归衍生的森林高度模型相比,RF衍生的森林高度模型获得了更高的建模精度。RF得出的森林高度模型得出确定系数(R 2)落叶林,常绿林和混交林分别为0.59、0.68和0.62,RMSE值分别为4.55 m,3.41 m和4.08 m。与LiDAR得出的森林高度相比,本研究生成的森林高度图的R 2值为0.54,RMSE值为6.85 m,这表明可以使用MABEL数据和Landsat 8 OLI数据的组合来生成森林高度地图的空间分辨率为30 m。

更新日期:2020-03-16
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