Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and closed-loop drug delivery systems have revolutionized patient care in diabetes and anesthesia. Here, we review the current state of continuous chemical sensor development, titratable drug delivery systems, and closed-loop therapies to identify clinically meaningful trends that, if realized, can have significant impact on medical practice and patient outcome. In particular, we focus on novel wearable and implantable demonstrations that stand to redefine the patient experience. Finally, we put forth a roadmap towards identifying critical unmet clinical opportunities to motivate future technological development towards applications beyond glucose, to both improve patient care across diverse fields of medicine and realize the full potential of these technologies to improve therapeutic outcome.

连续血糖监测仪（CGM）和闭环给药系统彻底改变了糖尿病和麻醉患者的护理方式。在这里，我们回顾了化学传感器持续开发，可滴定药物输送系统和闭环疗法的现状，以识别具有临床意义的趋势，这些趋势如能实现，将对医学实践和患者预后产生重大影响。特别是，我们将重点放在新颖的可穿戴和可植入演示上，以重新定义患者的体验。最后，我们提出了一个路线图，以期确定关键的未满足的临床机会，以激发未来的技术发展，超越葡萄糖的应用范围，从而改善跨医学领域的患者护理，并充分发挥这些技术改善治疗效果的全部潜力。