Insecticide resistance is a growing concern for malaria control and vector control effectiveness relies on assessing it distribution and understanding its evolution. We assessed resistance levels and the frequencies of two major target-site mutations, L1014F-VGSC and G119S-ace-1, conferring resistance to pyrethroids (PYRs) and carbamates/organophosphates (CXs/OPs) insecticides. These data were compared to those acquired between 2006 and 2010 to follow resistance evolutionary trends over ten years. We report the results of a 3-year survey (2013–2015) of insecticide resistance in 13 localities across the whole country of Benin. Permethrin (PYR) resistance was found in all populations tested, L1014F-VGSC being almost fixed everywhere, while bendiocarb resistance was limited to a few localities, G119S-ace-1 remaining rare, with very limited variations during surveyed period. Interestingly, we found no effect of the type of insecticide pressure on the dynamics of these mutations. These results confirm both the high prevalence of PYR resistance and the potential of CXs/OPs as short- to medium-term alternatives in Benin. They also underline the need for regular resistance monitoring and informed management in their usage, as the G119S-ace-1 mutation is already present in Benin and surrounding countries. Their unwise usage would rapidly lead to its spread, which would jeopardize PYR-resistant Anopheles control.

中文翻译：

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西非贝宁冈比亚按蚊 (sl) 种群中两种主要杀虫剂靶标的抗性等位基因动态

杀虫剂耐药性是疟疾控制的一个日益关注的问题，病媒控制的有效性依赖于评估其分布和了解其演变。我们评估了两个主要目标位点突变 L1014F-VGSC 和 G119S-ace-1 的耐药性水平和频率，它们赋予了对拟除虫菊酯 (PYRs) 和氨基甲酸酯/有机磷酸盐 (CXs/OPs) 杀虫剂的耐药性。这些数据与 2006 年至 2010 年间获得的数据进行了比较，以跟踪十年来的抗性进化趋势。我们报告了贝宁全国 13 个地区为期 3 年（2013-2015 年）的杀虫剂耐药性调查结果。在所有测试人群中都发现了氯菊酯 (PYR) 耐药性，L1014F-VGSC 几乎在所有地方都存在，而苯虫威耐药性仅限于少数地方，G119S-ace-1 仍然很少见，在调查期间变化非常有限。有趣的是，我们发现杀虫剂压力的类型对这些突变的动态没有影响。这些结果证实了 PYR 耐药性的高流行和 CXs/OPs 作为贝宁中短期替代品的潜力。他们还强调了在其使用过程中进行定期耐药监测和知情管理的必要性，因为 G119S-ace-1 突变已经存在于贝宁和周边国家。它们的不明智使用将迅速导致其传播，这将危及对 PYR 抗性按蚊的控制。这些结果证实了 PYR 耐药性的高流行和 CXs/OPs 作为贝宁中短期替代品的潜力。他们还强调了在其使用过程中进行定期耐药监测和知情管理的必要性，因为 G119S-ace-1 突变已经存在于贝宁和周边国家。它们的不明智使用将迅速导致其传播，这将危及对 PYR 抗性按蚊的控制。这些结果证实了 PYR 耐药性的高流行和 CXs/OPs 作为贝宁中短期替代品的潜力。他们还强调了在其使用过程中进行定期耐药监测和知情管理的必要性，因为 G119S-ace-1 突变已经存在于贝宁和周边国家。它们的不明智使用将迅速导致其传播，这将危及对 PYR 抗性按蚊的控制。