Hookworm infection is a major public health problem that threatens about 500 million people throughout tropical areas of the world. Adult hookworms survive for many years in the host intestine, where they suck blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Numerous molecules, named excretory/secretory (ES) products, are secreted by hookworm adults and/or larvae to aid in parasite survival and pathobiology. Although the molecular cloning and characterization of hookworm ES products began 25 years ago, the biological role and molecular nature of many of them are still unclear. Hookworm ES products, with distinct structures and functions, have been linked to many essential events in the disease pathogenesis. These events include host invasion and tissue migration, parasite nourishment and reproduction, and immune modulation. Several of these products represent promising vaccine targets for controlling hookworm disease and therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize our present knowledge about hookworm ES products, including their role in parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and as vaccine and pharmaceutical targets and to identify research gaps and future research directions in this field.

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钩虫分泌物/分泌物产品的二十五年研究进展

钩虫感染是一个重大的公共卫生问题，威胁着世界热带地区约5亿人。成年钩虫在宿主肠道中存活多年，在那里它们会吸收血液，从而引起缺铁性贫血和营养不良。钩虫成虫和/或幼虫分泌大量称为排泄/分泌（ES）产品的分子，以帮助寄生虫生存和病理生物学。尽管钩虫ES产品的分子克隆和表征始于25年前，但其中许多生物学功能和分子性质仍不清楚。钩虫ES产品具有独特的结构和功能，已与疾病发病机理中的许多基本事件相关。这些事件包括宿主入侵和组织迁移，寄生虫的营养和繁殖以及免疫调节。这些产品中的几种代表了控制钩虫病的有希望的疫苗靶标和许多炎性疾病的治疗靶标。这篇综述旨在总结我们目前对钩虫ES产品的了解，包括它们在寄生虫生物学中的作用，宿主-寄生虫的相互作用以及作为疫苗和药物的靶标，并确定该领域的研究差距和未来的研究方向。