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Long-lasting insecticidal nets retain bio-efficacy after 5 years of storage: implications for malaria control programmes
Malaria Journal ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-14 , DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03183-y
Jeremiah J. Musa , Sarah J. Moore , Jason Moore , Emmanuel Mbuba , Edgar Mbeyela , Dickson Kobe , Johnson K. Swai , Olukayode G. Odufuwa

Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most sustainable and effective malaria control tool currently available. Global targets are for 80% of the population living in malaria endemic areas to have access to (own) and use a LLIN. However, current access to LLINs in endemic areas is 56% due to system inefficiencies and budget limitations. Thus, cost-effective approaches to maximize access to effective LLINs in endemic areas are required. This study evaluated whether LLINs that had been stored for 5 years under manufacturer’s recommended conditions may be optimally effective against Anopheles mosquitoes, to inform malaria control programmes and governments on the periods over which LLINs may be stored between distributions, in an effort to maximize use of available LLINs. Standard World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays (cone and tunnel test) were used to evaluate the bio-efficacy and wash resistance of Olyset® and DawaPlus® 2.0 (rebranded Tsara® Soft) LLINs after 5 years of storage at 25 °C to 33.4 °C and 40% to 100% relative humidity. In addition, a small scale Ifakara Ambient Chamber test (I-ACT) was conducted to compare the bio-efficacy of one long stored LLINs to one new LLIN of the same brand, washed or unwashed. LLINs were evaluated using laboratory reared fully susceptible Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (Ifakara strain) and pyrethroid resistant Anopheles arabiensis (Kingani strain). After 5 years of storage, both unwashed and washed, Olyset® and DawaPlus® 2.0 (Tsara® Soft) LLINs passed WHO bio-efficacy criteria on knockdown (KD60) ≥ 95%, 24-h mortality ≥ 80% and ≥ 90% blood-feeding inhibition in WHO assays against susceptible An. gambiae s.s. DawaPlus® 2.0 LLINs also passed combined WHO bioassay criteria against resistant An. arabiensis. Confirmatory I-ACT tests using whole nets demonstrated that long-stored LLINs showed higher efficacy than new LLINs on both feeding inhibition and mortality endpoints against resistant strains. Even after long-term storage of around 5 years, both Olyset® and DawaPlus® 2.0 LLINs remain efficacious against susceptible Anopheles mosquitoes at optimal storage range of 25 °C to 33.4 °C for temperature and 40% to 100% relative humidity measured by standard WHO methods. DawaPlus® 2.0 (Tsara® Soft) remained efficacious against resistant strain.

中文翻译:

持久的杀虫网在储存5年后仍具有生物功效:对疟疾控制计划的影响

持久的杀虫网(LLIN)是目前可用的最可持续和有效的疟疾控制工具。全球目标是使生活在疟疾流行地区的80%的人口能够(拥有)并使用LLIN。但是,由于系统效率低下和预算有限,目前在流行地区使用LLIN的比例为56%。因此,需要有成本效益的方法来最大化在流行地区获得有效LLIN的机会。这项研究评估了在制造商建议的条件下已储存5年的LLIN是否可能对蚊子按蚊有最佳效果,以便向疟疾控制计划和政府告知各分布之间LLIN的保存期限,以期最大限度地利用可用的LLIN。在25°C至33.4的温度下存放5年后,使用标准的世界卫生组织(WHO)生物测定法(圆锥和隧道试验)评估Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0(更名Tsara®Soft)LLIN的生物功效和耐洗性°C和40%至100%相对湿度。此外,还进行了小规模的Ifakara环境箱测试(I-ACT),以比较一个长期保存的LLIN与一个相同品牌的新LLIN(已清洗或未清洗)的生物功效。使用实验室饲养的完全易感冈比亚按蚊(ss)(Ifakara株)和拟除虫菊酯抗性阿拉伯按蚊(Kingani株)评估LLIN。经过5年的存放,无论未经清洗还是经过清洗,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)LLIN均通过了WHO的生物功效标准,其击倒(KD60)≥95%,在世卫组织针对易感人群的分析中,24小时死亡率≥80%和进食抑制≥90%。冈比亚的DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN还通过了针对耐药性An。的综合WHO生物测定标准。阿拉伯 使用全网进行的验证性I-ACT测试表明,长期储存的LLIN在抵抗耐药菌株的摄食抑制和死亡率终点方面显示出比新LLIN更高的功效。即使经过约5年的长期存储,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN仍能有效地抵抗易感按蚊的蚊子,在25°C至33.4°C的最佳温度和标准相对湿度40%至100%的最佳存储范围内WHO方法。DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)仍然有效抵抗耐药菌株。0 LLINs还通过了针对耐药性An。的综合WHO生物测定标准。阿拉伯 使用全网进行的验证性I-ACT测试表明,长期储存的LLIN在抵抗耐药菌株的摄食抑制和死亡率终点方面显示出比新LLIN更高的功效。即使经过约5年的长期存储,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN仍能有效地抵抗易感按蚊的蚊子,在25°C至33.4°C的最佳温度和标准相对湿度40%至100%的最佳存储范围内WHO方法。DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)仍然有效抵抗耐药菌株。0 LLINs还通过了针对抗药性An。阿拉伯 使用全网进行的验证性I-ACT测试表明,长期储存的LLIN在抵抗耐药菌株的摄食抑制和死亡率终点方面显示出比新LLIN更高的功效。即使经过约5年的长期存储,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN仍能有效地抵抗易感按蚊的蚊子,在25°C至33.4°C的最佳温度和标准相对湿度40%至100%的最佳存储范围内WHO方法。DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)仍然有效抵抗耐药菌株。即使经过约5年的长期存储,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN仍能有效地抵抗易感按蚊的蚊子,其最佳存储温度范围为25°C至33.4°C(标准温度下为40%至100%相对湿度) WHO方法。DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)仍然有效抵抗耐药菌株。即使经过约5年的长期存储,Olyset®和DawaPlus®2.0 LLIN仍能有效地抵抗易感按蚊的蚊子,其最佳存储温度范围为25°C至33.4°C(标准温度下为40%至100%相对湿度) WHO方法。DawaPlus®2.0(Tsara®Soft)仍然有效抵抗耐药菌株。
更新日期:2020-03-16
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