Developing fruit is considered as an excellent model to study the complex network of metabolites which are altered rapidly during development. Metabolomics revealed that developing psyllium fruit is a rich source of primary metabolites (ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and amino-acids), secondary metabolites and natural antioxidants. Eidonomy and anatomy confirmed that psyllium fruit followed five stages of development. Total lipids and fatty acids were synthesized differentially; saturated fatty acids (FAs) increased, whereas total polyunsaturated FAs decreased with increasing developmental stage. The unsaturation index and degree of unsaturation showed a catenary curve. Principal component analysis confirmed a significant shift in the FA profile from bud initiation to the maturation stage. Similarly, a similar level of total amino acids was present at different developmental stage following a temporal biosynthesis pathway. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased in tandem with fruit development. Twenty-two different metabolites were identified, and metabolic changes were also observed during fruit development. Six metabolites were detected exclusively in the flowering stage, whereas two were detected in each of early and maturity stages of development. The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were detected ubiquitously in all developmental stages. Time-dependent metabolomics revealed a shift in metabolite biosynthesis. During fruit development, metabolites, FAs, amino acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidants and scavenging activities changed progressively and were co-ordinately linked to each other. As a future perspective, further studies will focus on the validation of identified metabolites, which integrated with transcriptomics data and will reveal the metabolic regulatory network of development psyllium fruit.

中文翻译：

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欧车前子（Planago ovata Forssk。）发育的割礼果的代谢谱分析和清除活动揭示了初级和次级代谢产物的变化

发育果实被认为是研究代谢物复杂网络的极好模型，这些代谢物在发育过程中会迅速改变。代谢组学研究表明，车前子果实发育中富含初级代谢产物（ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸和氨基酸），次级代谢产物和天然抗氧化剂。人体学和解剖学证实，车前子果实遵循五个发育阶段。总脂质和脂肪酸的差异合成。饱和脂肪酸（FAs）增加，而总多不饱和FAs随着发育阶段的增加而减少。不饱和指数和不饱和度显示出悬链曲线。主成分分析证实FA谱从芽萌芽到成熟阶段发生了显着变化。同样，在临时生物合成途径后的不同发育阶段，存在相似水平的总氨基酸。总酚和类黄酮含量随果实发育而下降。鉴定了22种不同的代谢物，并且在果实发育过程中也观察到了代谢变化。仅在开花期检测到六种代谢产物，而在发育的早期和成熟阶段各检测到两种代谢产物。在所有发育阶段都普遍检测到了代谢素芹菜素和山fer酚。时间依赖性代谢组学揭示了代谢物生物合成的转变。在果实发育过程中，代谢产物，FA，氨基酸，总酚，总黄酮，抗氧化剂和清除活性逐渐变化，并相互协调。