AIM: Biodiversity dynamics comprise evolutionary and ecological changes on multiple temporal scales from millions of years to decades, but they are often interpreted within a single time frame. Planktonic foraminifera communities offer a unique opportunity for analysing the dynamics of marine biodiversity over different temporal scales. Our study aims to provide a baseline for assessments of biodiversity patterns over multiple time‐scales, which is urgently needed to interpret biodiversity responses to increasing anthropogenic pressure. LOCATION: Global (26 sites). TIME PERIOD: Five time‐scales: multi‐million‐year (0–7 Myr), million‐year (0–0.5 Myr), multi‐millennial (0–15 thousand years), millennial (0–1,100 years) and decadal (0–32 years). MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Planktonic foraminifera. METHODS: We analysed community composition of planktonic foraminifera at five time‐scales, combining measures of standing diversity (richness and effective number of species, ENS) with measures of temporal community turnover (presence–absence‐based, dominance‐based). Observed biodiversity patterns were compared with the outcome of a neutral model to separate the effects of sampling resolution (the highest in the shortest time series) from biological responses. RESULTS: Richness and ENS decreased from multi‐million‐year to millennial time‐scales, but higher standing diversity was observed on the decadal scale. As predicted by the neutral model, turnover in species identity and dominance was strongest at the multi‐million‐year time‐scale and decreased towards the millennial scale. However, contrary to the model predictions, modern time series show rapid decadal variation in the dominance structure of foraminifera communities, which is of comparable magnitude as over much longer time periods. Community turnover was significantly correlated with global temperature change, but not on the shortest time‐scale. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Biodiversity patterns can be to some degree predicted from the scaling effects related to different durations of time series, but changes in the dominance structure observed over the last few decades reach higher magnitude, probably forced by anthropogenic effects, than those observed over much longer durations.

中文翻译：

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现代和化石海洋浮游生物时间生物多样性变化的尺度依赖性

目标：生物多样性动态包括从数百万年到数十年的多个时间尺度上的进化和生态变化，但它们通常在单个时间范围内进行解释。浮游有孔虫群落为分析不同时间尺度的海洋生物多样性动态提供了独特的机会。我们的研究旨在为在多个时间尺度上评估生物多样性模式提供基线，这是解释生物多样性对不断增加的人为压力的反应所迫切需要的。位置：全球（26 个站点）。时间周期：五个时间尺度：数百万年（0-7 Myr）、百万年（0-0.5 Myr）、千禧年（0-15000 年）、千禧年（0-1,100 年）和十年（0-32 岁）。研究的主要分类群：浮游有孔虫。方法：我们在五个时间尺度上分析了浮游有孔虫的群落组成，将常设多样性的测量（物种的丰富度和有效数量，ENS）与时间群落更新的测量（基于存在-不存在，基于优势）相结合。将观察到的生物多样性模式与中性模型的结果进行比较，以将采样分辨率（最短时间序列中的最高值）的影响与生物反应分开。结果：丰富度和 ENS 从数百万年到千年时间尺度下降，但在年代际尺度上观察到更高的常设多样性。正如中性模型预测的那样，物种身份和优势的更替在数百万年的时间尺度上最强，而在千年尺度上则下降。然而，与模型预测相反，现代时间序列显示有孔虫群落优势结构的快速十年变化，其幅度与更长的时间段相当。社区更替与全球温度变化显着相关，但不是在最短的时间尺度上。主要结论：生物多样性模式可以在一定程度上通过与不同时间序列持续时间相关的尺度效应来预测，但在过去几十年中观察到的优势结构的变化达到更高的幅度，这可能是由人为影响所迫使的，而不是在很长一段时间内观察到的那些变化。持续时间更长。但不是在最短的时间范围内。主要结论：生物多样性模式可以在一定程度上通过与不同时间序列持续时间相关的尺度效应来预测，但在过去几十年中观察到的优势结构的变化达到更高的幅度，这可能是由人为影响所迫使的，而不是在很长一段时间内观察到的那些变化。持续时间更长。但不是在最短的时间范围内。主要结论：生物多样性模式可以在一定程度上通过与不同时间序列持续时间相关的尺度效应来预测，但在过去几十年中观察到的优势结构的变化达到更高的幅度，这可能是由人为影响所迫使的，而不是在很长一段时间内观察到的那些变化。持续时间更长。